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Psych 102 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Detection of physical energy by the sense organs

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The brain’s interpretation of raw sensory data

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3
Q

What is an illusion?

A

When the way we perceive a stimulus does not match reality

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4
Q

What is transduction?

A

External stimulus converted by a sense receptor into neural activity

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5
Q

When is activation highest?

A

When stimulus is first detected, then sensory adaptation occurs

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6
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

Study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics

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7
Q

What is Absolute threshold?

A

Lowest level of a stimulus we can detect 50% of the time

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8
Q

What is Just Noticeable differences?

A

The smallest amount of stimulus change humans can detect

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9
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

The stronger the stimulus, the greater the change needed to detect

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10
Q

What is the Signal Detection theory?

A

Theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions

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11
Q

What is a True Positive?

A

Stimulus present, responds yes

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12
Q

What is a False Negative?

A

Stimulus present, responds no

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13
Q

What is a False Positive?

A

Stimulus absent, responds yes

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14
Q

What is a True Negative?

A

Stimulus absent, responds no

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15
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

Hearing sounds when one sees colors or tasting colors

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16
Q

What is sensory cross-modality?

A

Interactions between two or more different sensory modalities

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17
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Allows us to choose which sensory inputs to focus on and which to “turn down”

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18
Q

What is cocktail party effect?

A

The other “channels” are still being processed at some level

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19
Q

What is inattention blindness?

A

Miss things that are right in front of your eyes

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20
Q

What is change blindness?

A

When a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it

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21
Q

What is brightness?

A

Amount of light reflected back to the eye

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22
Q

What is hue?

A

The color

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23
Q

What is saturation?

A

Perceived purity of color

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24
Q

What is additive?

A

Mixing lights produces white

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25
What is subtractive?
Mixing pigments produces black
26
What is the sclera?
The white portion of the eye
27
What is the iris?
The colored portion and controls how much lights enters the eye
28
What is the pupil?
The hole where light enters the eye
29
What is the cornea?
Transparent cells that focuses light on the back of the eye
30
What is the lens?
Changes curvature to retract light onto back of eye
31
What is the retina?
Thin membrane at the back of the eye
32
What is the fovea?
Responsible for acuity
33
What are rods?
Provides side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light
34
What are cones?
Provide sharp central vision and color vision
35
What is myopia?
Nearsightedness; Light is focused in front of the retina
36
What is hyperopia?
Farsightedness; Light is focused behind the retina
37
What is trichromatic theory?
Color vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colors: blue, green, red
38
What is opponent process theory?
Color vision as a function of complementary, opposing colors: Red vs. green or blue vs. yellow
39
What is motion blindness?
Inability to perceive seamless motion
40
What is visual agnosia?
Object recognition deficit; damage to higher visual cortical areas
41
What is blindsight?
EDIT LATER
42
What is sound?
Vibration traveling through a medium (usually air)
43
What is pitch?
Wave frequency (Hz)
44
What is loudness?
Amplitude of the sound waves (dB)
45
What is timbre?
Complexity of sound
46
What is the outer ear?
Pinna (the part we see, skin and cartilage flap) and ear canal. Together they tunnel sound waves to the eardrum
47
What is the middle ear?
The ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) vibrate and transmit sound to the inner ear
48
What is the inner ear?
The cochlea converts vibration into neural activity.
49
What is place theory?
Specific location along the basilar membrane matches a specific tone and pitch. Accounts for high tones
50
What is frequency theory?
The rate neurons fire action potentials reproduces the pitch. Accounts for low tones
51
What is conductive deafness?
Failure of eardrum or ossicles of inner ear
52
What is nerve deafness?
Damage to auditory nerve
53
What is nerve-induced hearing loss?
Damage to hair cells due to repeated loud noise
54
What is olfaction
Smell
55
What is gustation
Taste
56
What are odors?
Airborne chemicals that interact w/ lining in our nasal passages
57
What is the somatosensory system?
Responds to stimuli applied to
58
What is proprioception?
Kinesthetic sense; helps us keep track of where we are and move efficiently
59
What is vestibular sense?
Equilibrium sense; enables us to sense and maintain our balance as we move about
60
What are perceptual sets?
Occur when our expectations influence our perceptions
61
What is perceptual constancy?
Allows us to perceive stimuli consistently across conditions
62
What is Gestalt principles?
Rules that govern how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context
63
What is Law of proximity?
Elements that are close together tend to be perceived as a unified group
64
What is Law of similarity?
Elements that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as a unified group
65
What is Law of closure?
Even when an abject isn't closed, our mind interprets it as whole
66
What is Law of continuity?
When our brain perceives that a line continues even when we can't see part of it
67
What is Law of symmetry?
Tendency to group things together
68
What is Law of figure-ground?
Simplifying a scene into a figure and background
69
What is moon illusion?
Moon to appear larger near the horizon that it does higher up in the sky
70
What is Muller-Lyer illusion?
When you put outward lines on an arrow, looks longer that inward lines
71
What is Horizontal-vertical illusion?
Tend to see vertical lines longer that horizontal lines
72
What is Ebbinghous-Titchner illusion?
Stimulus surrounded by smaller/larger stimuli appears larger/smaller
73
What is face recognition?
Recognizing a face even when they are distorted
74
What is visual perception?
To determine motion, the brain compares visual frames of what is to what was
75
What is Phi phenomenon?
Our brain interprets it as moving when it isn't, each dot is just disappearing in order
76
What is subliminal information processing?
Process many sensory inputs unconsciously and many of our actions occur with little to no forethought or deliberation
77
What is subliminal perception?
The processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness

Psych 102 (7 decks)

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