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Psych 102 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

Change in an organisms behavior or thought as a result of experiences

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2
Q

What are the basic kinds of learning?

A

Habituation and sensitization

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3
Q

What is habituation?

A

Decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it

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4
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus results in the progressive amplification (increasing strength) of the reaction to the stimulus

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5
Q

What is learning via association?

A

Simple associations provided the mental building blocks for more complex ideas

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6
Q

Who is Ivan Pavlov?

A

Russian physiologist; the digestion of the dog

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7
Q

5 primary components of classical conditioning?

A 
Neutral stimulus (NS)	
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
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8
Q

What are the steps to classical conditioning?

A
  1. neutral stimulus does not elicit a particular response
  2. pair NS repeatedly w/ UCS, which elicits an UCR
  3. The NS becomes a CS, eliciting a CR
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9
Q

What is acquisition?

A

Phase during which a CR is established

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10
Q

What is extinction?

A

Reduction and elimination of the CR after the CS is presented repeatedly w/out UCS

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11
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Sudden reemergence of an extinct CR after a delay following an extinction procedure

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12
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

When similar CSs elicit a CR

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13
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

When we exhibit a CR only to certain stimuli, not similar to others

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14
Q

What is high order conditioning?

A

Process were organisms develop classically conditioned responses to CSs associated w/ the original CS

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15
Q

What are advertisers?

A

Repeatedly pair their products w/ the stimuli that elicit positive emotions

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16
Q

What is latent inhibition?

A

Resistance to conditioning b/c its been paired alone too often

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17
Q

What is fetishism?

A

Sexual attraction to nonliving things

18
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behavior

19
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

If we’re rewarded for a response to a stimulus, we’re more like to repeat that response to the stimulus in the future

20
Q

Who is E.L Thorndike?

A

Discovered principles of the law of effect after experimenting w/ cats in puzzle boxes

21
Q

Who is B.F Skinner?

A

Designed the skinner box to more effectively record activity

22
Q

What are reinforcements?

A

Outcomes that strength the probability of a response

23
Q

What are positive reinforcements?

A

Involves giving a stimulus

24
Q

What are negative reinforcements?

A

Involves taking away a stimulus

25
Q

What is punishment?

A

Outcomes that weakens the probability of a response

26
Q

What are disciplinary actions?

A

Punishments only if they decrease chance of the behavior happening again

27
Q

What are disadvantages of punishment?

A

Tells what not to do, creates anxiety, encourages subversive behavior, may provide model for aggressive behavior

28
Q

What is discriminative stimulus?

A

Signals the presence of reinforcements

29
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

Occurs when we reinforce responses only some of the time

30
Q

What is fixed ratio?

A

Reinforcement after regular number of responses

31
Q

What is variable ratio?

A

Reinforcement after specific number of responses, on average

32
Q

What is fixed interval?

A

Reinforcement after specific amount of time

33
Q

What is variable interval?

A

Reinforcement after an average time interval

34
Q

What is the 2-process theory of anxiety?

A

Begins w/ CC, but it is maintained by negative reinforcement ex) I am bitten (UCS) by a dog (CS), resulting in fear (CR)

35
Q

What was radical behaviorism?

A

Early behaviorists did not believe that thinking played much of a role in learning

36
Q

What is latent learing?

A

Refers to learning that is not directly observable; implies that reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur

37
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Simply mean learning by watching others

38
Q

What is mirror neurons?

A

Becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action

39
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

40
Q

What is sleep-assisted learning?

A

Learning new material while asleep

41
Q

What is discovery learning?

A

Students figure out specific principles through trial and error

Psych 102 (7 decks)

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