Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three major classifications of software for computing?
A
Operating Systems
Applications
Drivers
2
Q
Operating System (OS):
A
the center through which the system hardware, other software, and the user communicate
3
Q
Application:
A
is a piece of software used to accomplish a particular task; it is written to supplement the commands available to a particular OS
4
Q
Driver:
A
allows the OS to understand properly how the hardware works and what it is able to do
5
Q
Fortran:
A
the first computer programming language
allowed programmers to create simple commands that told the computer to execute several commands
6
Q
UNIX:
A
created in 1969 by a group of engineers from Bell Labs
written in programming language called C
could work on different hardware platforms
distributed for free
open-source code
7
Q
Star workstation:
A
created in 1981 by Xerox
had the first window-based graphical user interface (GUI), mouse, internet, and email
8
Q
Command lines or console:
A
where you type commands
9
Q
Linux:
A
created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds
has foundations in UNIX and is open source
is a kernel
the internet runs on Linux
command-line interface
10
Q
Kernel:
A
the central part of the OS
controls all actions of the OS, including input and output
11
Q
Version:
A
a particular revision of a piece of software, normally described by a number
12
Q
Source:
A
the actual code that defines how a piece of software works
13
Q
Closed source:
A
only an owner or developer can modify or examine the code
14
Q
Shell:
A
a program that runs on top of the OS and allows the user to issue commands through a set of menus or other interface
15
Q
Graphical User Interface (GUI):
A
a method by which a person communicates with a computer using graphical images, icons, and methods other than text.
16
Q
Cooperating Multitasking:
A
computers focus on only one application at a time
switch back and forth between applications so quickly that it appears that they are doing multiple things at one
17
Q
Preemptive Multitasking:
A
a multitasking method in which the OS allots each application a certain amount of processor time and then forcibly takes back control and gives another application or task access to the processor
18
Q
Multithreading:
A
the ability of a single application to have multiple requests (threads) in to the processor at one time
19
Q
Drivers or device drivers:
A
tells the OS how to talk to the specific piece of hardware and how to use its features
20
Q
Folders:
A
system of directories to store data in a hierarchical manner
21
Q
Directory tree:
A
data saved is started at the root of the hard drive and branches out from there
22
Q
Performance Monitor:
A
Windows tool to monitor system health
23
Q
baseline:
A
is set up by administrators to know what normal performance looks like
24
Q
What are the five categories of OS?
A
Workstation OS
Server OS
Mobile OS
Virtual OS
Embedded OS
25
Workstation OS:
the first OS in existence
designed to let users perform tasks on a single machine
26
What are the four most important workstation OS in the market?
Linux
macOS
Windows
Chrome OS
27
Distribution:
the combination of a shell, shell utilities, a desktop environment, and desktop applications
28
Most Linux distributions today come from one of these three families:
Debian
Slackware
RPM
29
What year did Apple's Macintosh computer come out?
1984
30
What year did Apple rename its OS to macOS?
2016
31
macOS:
preinstalled on every Mac
can buy any of several versions on the Apple Store
32
Windows OS:
largest installed base in the desktop and laptop PC market
has over 80 percent of the desktop and laptop market
33
Chrome OS:
created in 2011
supposed to be lightweight and get provide internet access
everything is stored on the cloud
requires an Internet connection
34
Netbook:
smaller, more portable computers
35
Chromebook:
a netbook with Chrome OS
36
What are the three categories of server OS?
Linux-Based (designed to be full-enterprise-level servers)
Mac-Based (designed for small business, schools, and individuals)
Windows-Based (designed for all businesses)
37
Linux-Based Server OS names:
Red Hat Enterprise
SUSE Enterprise
Ubuntu Server
CentOS
Debian
38
Apple iOS:
one of the most dominant players in the mobile OS market
has more than 40 percent of the mobile and tablet market share
39
Android:
one of the most dominant player in the mobile OS market
has over one billion active monthly users
Linux based
40
When was Apple iOS released?
2007
41
When was Android released?
2008
42
When was Windows Mobile released?
2000
43
Windows Mobile:
a small presence in the mobile world
looks like Windows 10 for PC
2 percent of the market share
44
Virtualization:
creating virtual environments where "computers" can operate
often used to let multiple OSs run on one physical machine at the same time
45
Virtual Machine (VM):
the virtualized version of a computer
makes technology like the cloud possible
are able to pool resources from multiple physical servers into what appears to be one system to the client
46
Hypervisor or Virtual Machine Manager (VMM):
allows multiple OS to share the same host
47
What are the two types of hypervisors?
Type 1
Type 2
48
Type 1 hypervisor or bare-metal hypervisor:
sits directly on the hardware
most commonly used for server-side virtualization
has no host OS involved and the system is dedicated to supporting virtualization
49
Type 2 hypervisor:
sits on top of a host OS and consumes resources such as processor time and memory
most commonly used for client-side virtualization
50
What are some examples of Type 1 hypervisors?
Microsoft Hyper-V
VMware ESX
Citrix XenServer
51
What are some examples of Type 2 hypervisors?
Microsoft Virtual PC
Virtual Server
Oracle VirtualBox
VMware Workstation
KVM
52
Embedded OS:
are designed to be small and efficient
typically only being responsible for a single task
there is no flexibility
53
Firmware:
embedded OS responsible for managing the device's specific hardware
54
What are things an OS needs to manage?
User accounts
Access control
Applications
Processes
Services
Devices
Disk space
Memory
Files, folders, and permissions
55
User account:
is an identity by which you're known when using the OS
56
Permissions:
privileges grouped together into bundles
57
Privileges:
enables you to grant access to the system to someone whom perhaps you don't trust to have full access to it
58
What are the three common levels of users?
Administrator
Standard User
Guest
59
Administrator user level:
can do almost anything they want
60
Standard user level:
can access files but not make system configuration changes
61
Guest user level:
account has limited access
62
Access Control:
only administrators or other authorized users can make system changes such as changing security settings and installing new applications or drivers
63
User Account Control (UAC)
Windows Access Control
64
Windows Registry:
maintains all system settings
without it Windows won't work
65
Process:
every task running on a computer
66
What are the ways to get to Task Manager?
Click Start, type Task Manager, and click it
Press Ctrl+Alt+Del and click Task Manager
Press Ctrl+Shift+Esc
Press the Windows key+X and click Task Manager
Right-click the taskbar and click Task Manager
67
Killing The Process:
Clicking end task in task manager to shut app down
68
Task Scheduler:
you can schedule tasks to run at a certain time
69
Service:
is a software package that provides additional features
dozens run on a computer at one time
some are active, while some run quietly in the background waiting to be activated
70
Devices:
all hardware installed in the computer
71
Device Manager:
hardware management interface
is where you go if a device isn't being detected or working properly
72
Partition:
walled-off sections of disk space that you intend to use for storage
needs to be formatted with a file system
can be more than one on a single hard drive if there is enough space
73
Swap file or page file:
the area of hard drive space used for temporary storage when physical RAM is running low
74
Directory:
the folder that the data file I s located in
75
Formatting:
lays down the tracks for data storage, based on the type of file system you choose
76
File systems are responsible for managing the following:
Disk Space and File Access
Filenames and Directories
File Metadata and Attributes
Security
Journaling
77
Metadata:
information such as the file's name, size, last time it was saved, and other attributes, such as read-only, hidden, or that the file has been changed since the last time it was backed up
78
Compression:
making the file smaller to take up less disk space
79
Encryption:
encoding the file so that only authorized users can read it
80
What are the two ways of managing changing a file?
Write the change directly to the drive
Write the change to a special file called a journal
81
File:
a collection of information or data that has a name
82
What are some options for manipulating files about which you should be aware?
Open
Edit
New
Move
Copy
Cut
Paste
Delete
Rename
83
macOS release dates; notes:
System 1
1984; First widely popular GUI
84
macOS release dates; notes:
System 2
1985; Introduces hierarchical file system
85
macOS release dates; notes:
System 5
1987; Adds cooperative multitasking
86
macOS release dates; notes:
System 7
1991; User interface redesign, virtual memory support, true 32-bit OS, and other enhancements
87
macOS release dates; notes:
Mac OS 7.6
1997; Name change to make it easier for Apple to license OS to manufacturers of Mac clones
88
macOS release dates; notes:
Mac OS X
1999; Major architecture change
89
macOS release dates; notes:
OS X
2012; Name change
90
macOS release dates; notes:
macOS
2016; Siri on the desktop, integrated Apple Pay, new Apple File System, better graphics capabilities, better integration with mobile OSs
91
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Cheetah
2001
92
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Puma
2001
93
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Jaguar
2002
94
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Panther
2003
95
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Tiger
2005
96
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Leopard
2007
97
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Snow Leopard
2009
98
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Lion
2011
99
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Mountain Lion
2012
100
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Yosemite
2014
101
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
El Capitan
2015
102
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
Sierra
2016
103
Mac OS X Versions Release Year:
High Sierra
2017
104
Release Year; Notes:
Windows 1.0
1985; A graphical interface for MS-DOS. Not widely received
105
Release Year; Notes:
Windows 3.0
1990; The first serious competitor to Apple's graphical OS. Supported multitasking and virtual memory
106
Release Year; Notes:
Windows 95
Introduced the Start button
107
Release Year; Notes:
Windows XP
2001; First Microsoft OS for home use with the Windows NT kernel. First 64-bit Microsoft OS version intended for home use
108
Release Year; Notes:
Windows 7
2009; Available in 32- and 64-bit versions. Most popular desktop and laptop OS until Windows 10 launch it still has a large install base
109
Release Year; Notes:
Windows 8
2012; Originally removed the Start button, optimized for touchscreen systems. Not as successful as Windows 7
110
Release Year; Notes:
Windows 10
Several major upgrades including Cortana and better integration with mobile devices
111
iOS versions Release Year; features:
1.0
2007; First finger-based touchscreen, iTunes connectivity, Safari web browser, on-screen virtual keyboard
112
iOS versions Release Year; features:
2.0
2008; App Store for third-party apps, full email support for Microsoft Exchange
113
iOS versions Release Year; features:
3/0
2009; Voice control; the ability to cut, copy, and paste; Spotlight search; landscape keyboard
114
iOS versions Release Year; features:
3.2
2010; Support for iPad, including iPad resolutions and Bluetooth keyboards
115
iOS versions Release Year; features:
4.0
2010; Multitasking, FaceTime video chat, ability to create folders on home screen for apps
116
iOS versions Release Year; features:
5.0
2011; Siri, iCloud, iMessage
117
iOS versions Release Year; features:
6.0
2012; Sire enhancements, Passbook, Facebook integration
118
iOS versions Release Year; features:
7.0
2013; New visual interface, Control Center, iTunes Radio, biometric thumbprint scanner
119
iOS versions Release Year; features:
8.0
2014; Widgets (Third-party apps can update you in the Notification Center), several app upgrades, family sharing of photos, calendars, and purchases
120
iOS versions Release Year; features:
9.0
2015; Find my iPhone preinstalled, wireless CarPlay, new Siri interface
121
iOS versions Release Year; features:
10.0
2016; Can hide home screen icons for built-in apps, new Maps interface, Photos has facial recognition and Memories feature
122
iOS versions Release Year; features:
11.0
2017; 64-bit only -older 32-bit devices not supported, new App Store interface, new Files app, Siri can translate into a few languages
123
Android OS versions Release Year; Name; Selected Features:
1.0
2008, (none), Web browser, many Google apps, media player, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth support
124
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
1.5
2009; Cupcake; Widgets (mini apps that can be embedded in other apps and provide notifications), auto-rotation of screen
125
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
2.0
2009; Eclair; Microsoft Exchange email support, camera and keyboard improvements
126
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
2.2
2010; Froyo; Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, speed and memory optimizations
127
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
2.3
2010-11; Gingerbread; Support for multiple cameras, better power management, voice or video chat using Google Talk
128
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
3.0
2011; Honeycomb; First tablet-only version of Android
129
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
4.0
2011; Ice Cream Sandwich; Major improvements to "Holo" interface and system functionality
130
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
4.1
2012; Jelly Bean; Google Now personal assistant, swipe directly to camera, better clock, Bluetooth improvements
131
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
4.4
2013; KitKat; Wireless printing
132
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
5.0
2014; Lollipop; 64-bit support, refreshed design
133
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
6.0
2015; Marshmallow; Fingerprint reader support, Doze mode reduces CPU speed when screen is off to save battery life
134
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
7.0
2016; Nougat; Improved Doze and file browser VR interface
135
Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:
8.0
2017; Oreo; Major modular architecture change called Project Treble adaptive icons, notification improvements.
136
Mobile Windows versions Release Year; Features:
Windows Phone 7
2010; Based on Windows CE
137
Mobile Windows versions Release Year; Features:
Windows Phone 8
2012; Uses Windows NT kernel; apps can theoretically work on both platforms seamlessly
138
Mobile Windows versions Release Year; Features:
Windows Phone 8.1
2014; Interface upgrades, Cortana voice assistant, dropped requirements for physical Start and Search buttons on device
139
Mobile Windows versions Release Year; Features:
Windows 10 Mobile
2015; Integrated with Windows 10 platform
