Chapter 4

Question 1

achievement motivation

Answer 1

logical extension of both bandura’s theory of self efficacy and Harter’s theory of competence motivation

Question 2

perceived ability

Answer 2

the way children come to view themselves and abilities

Question 3

cognitive restructuring

Answer 3

reconstructing mental capacities

Question 4

task goal orientation

Answer 4

mastery of a particular skill

Question 5

ego goal orientation

Answer 5

perceived ability is measured as a function of outperforming others, as opposed to self-improvement

Question 6

social approval goal orientation

Answer 6

t

Question 7

undifferentiated goal perspective

Answer 7

at this level of development, the child is said

Question 8

differentiated goal perspective children and adults in level 4

Answer 8

t

Question 9

mastery goal orientation and competitive goal

Answer 9

represent task and ego goal orientation respectively

Question 10

goal involvement

Answer 10

situation specific state measure of how an individual relates to an achievement situation at a specific point in time

Question 11

situation that heighten awareness of social evaluation induce a state of () accompanied by feeling increased anxiety

Answer 11

ego involvement

Question 12

situations that do not heighten an awareness of social evaluation evoke a state of () accompanied by feelings of low anxiety

Answer 12

task involvement

Question 13

motivational climate

Answer 13

an environment that encourages or discourages motivation

Question 14

mastery climate characteristics; gain positive reinforcement from coaches when

Answer 14

1. work hard
2. demonstrate improvement
3. help others learn through cooperation
4. believe that each player’s contribution is important

Question 15

competitive climate characteristics;

Answer 15

1. poor performance leads to punishment
2. high performing athletes receive the most attention and accolade
3. competition between members is encouraged

Question 16

conditions for a good mastery environment

Answer 16

1. tasks
2. authority
3. reward
4. grouping
5. evaluation
6. timing

Question 17

tasks

Answer 17

facilitate an interest through variety

Question 18

authority

Answer 18

give them chances to be in charge

Question 19

reward

Answer 19

focus on individual gains

Question 20

grouping

Answer 20

so they can work on individual skills so they can learn to work with others as a team

Question 21

evaluation

Answer 21

self tests focusing on effort and personal improvement

Question 22

timing

Answer 22

make sure all is done in a timely manner

Question 23

cluster analysis

Answer 23

magnifies differences between athletes in different clusters while at the same time minimizing differences between athletes that are within the same cluster or group

Question 24

four emerging groups or cluster were titled

Answer 24

1. high motivation
2. maladaptive motivation
3. low competence
4. amotivation

Question 25

sportsmanship

Answer 25

moral functioning with the concept of good or bad

Question 26

moral functioning

Answer 26

good sportsmanship

Question 27

prosocial behavior

Answer 27

voluntary behavior designed to benefit another person

Question 28

antisocial behavior

Answer 28

behavior designed to disadvantage and perhaps harm another person

Question 29

adaptive motivational patterns

Answer 29

they choose to participate in challenging tasks that allow them to demonstrate persistence and sustained effort

Question 30

maladaptive motivational patterns

Answer 30

motivation is to win but do not believe they can win they will not take part in challenging activities

Question 31

matching hypothesis

Answer 31

suggests that a high mastery (task) goal orientation in combination with a high mastery (task ) environmental climate should yield better outcomes than a mismatch between he two

Question 32

deliberate practice

Answer 32

defined as practice designed to enhance performance

Question 33

entity ability beliefs

Answer 33

the athlete believes that ability is a fixed and unchangeable capacity

Question 34

incremental ability beliefs

Answer 34

ability is conceptualized as something that can be changed through effort and practices

Question 35

1. The notion that a high level of mastery goal orientation in combination with a strong mastery climate yields desirable behavioral outcomes. 

Answer 35

Answer: | Compatibility component of the matching hypothesis.

Question 36

2. According to theory, the worst combination of goal orientation and motivational climate would be

Answer 36

Answer: | Low task orientation, low ego-orientation, competitive climate. *

Question 37

3. Antisocial behavior:

Answer 37

Answer: | Voluntary behavior designed to disadvantage and perhaps harm another person.

Question 38

4. Which of the following goal perspective terms are synonymous? 

Answer 38

Answer: | Ego goal orientation and competitive goal orientation.

Question 39

5. _____________ has been shown to have both a direct and indirect effect upon antisocial behavior toward athletic opponents. 

Answer 39

Answer: ego goal orientation

Question 40

6. Which of the following instruments measures the two classic goal perspective constructs of task and ego goal orientation? 

Answer 40

Answer: | Task and Ego Orientation in Sport (TEOSQ).

Question 41

7. Measurable aspects of moral functioning include 

Answer 41

Answer: | Prosocial and antisocial behavior

Question 42

8. Task oriented athletes

Answer 42

answer: | Endorse mastery strategies and focus upon self-referenced criteria for determining success.

Question 43

9. Perceived ability is conceptualized as a function of how well I perform a task compared to how others perform the same task (social comparison) 

Answer 43

Answer: | ego orientation *

Question 44

10. Elliot and McGregor's conceptualized 2 x 2 achievement goal framework in which achievement goals (task/ego) are crossed with the classic approach/avoidance conflict: 

Answer 44

Answer: | achievement goals questionnaire for sport *

Question 45

11. The notion that a high level of ego goal orientation in combination with a strong performance climate yields desirable behavioral outcomes.

Answer 45

Answer: | compatibility component of the matching hypothesis

Question 46

12. High amounts of effort in mastering a task are perceived as being evidence of high ability.

Answer 46

Answer: | task orientation *

Question 47

13. Which of the following is associated with a mastery climate? 

Answer 47

Answer: | Players help each other learn through cooperation *

Question 48

14. Research shows that task goal orientation and high moral functioning are linked to: 

Answer 48

Answer: | High levels of sportspersonship *

Question 49

15. According to Nicholl's goal perspective theory, children mature as to how well they are able to differentiate between the concepts of ________,________,& ________.

Answer 49

Answer: | effort, ability, outcome

Question 50

16. Incompatibility component of the matching hypothesis. 

Answer 50

Answer: | Poor outcomes occur when goal orientation and motivational climate do not agree.

Question 51

17. According to theory, the best combination of goal orientation and motivational climate would be 

Answer 51

Answer: | High task orientation, high ego-orientation, mastery climate. *

Question 52

18. Which of the following goal perspective terms are synonymous? 

Answer 52

Answer: | Task goal orientation and mastery goal orientation

Question 53

19. Statistical procedure that magnifies differences between athletes in different groups or clusters while at the same time minimizing differences between athletes that are within the same group. 

Answer 53

Answer: | Cluster analysis *

Question 54

20. Which is true about | Undifferentiated goal perspective. 

Answer 54

Answer: | Effort, ability and outcome are all viewed by the child as being the same thing *

Question 55

1. Which of the following statements is true relative to goal perspective theory? 

Answer 55

Answer: | All of the above *

Question 56

2. Goal involvement. 

Answer 56

Answer: | situation specific response *

Question 57

3. Situation specific state measure of how an individual relates to an achievement situation at a specific point in time. 

Answer 57

Answer: | all of the above *

Question 58

4. Maladaptive motivational patterns are associated with 

Answer 58

Answer: | Ego oriented individual with a low perception of ability.

Question 59

5. Adaptive motivational patterns are associated with 

Answer 59

Answer: | all of the above *

Question 60

6. Research shows that an individual can have a high score on task goal orientation as well as a high score on ego goal orientation. This observation illustrates the principle of 

Answer 60

Answer: | orthogonality *

Question 61

7. Differentiated goal perspective. 

Answer 61

Answer: | All of the above

Question 62

8. Voluntary behavior designed to benefit another person is

Answer 62

Answer: | prosocial behavior

Question 63

9. According to Nicholas children ages two to six tend to be

Answer 63

Answer: task oriented *

Question 64

10. According to Nicholls, children pass developmentally through ______ levels as they come to a fully differentiated goal perspective. 

Answer 64

Answer: | Four *

Question 65

11. The acronym TARGET represents the conditions that can be manipulated to create a mastery climate that is optimum for the development of intrinsic motivation. Which of the following is not a component part of TARGET? 

Answer 65

Answer: | rewards for winning *

Question 66

12. Which of the following is associated with a competitive climate? 

Answer 66

Answer: | High ability athletes receive the most recognition

Question 67

13. Incompatibility component of the matching hypothesis.

Answer 67

Answer: | Poor outcomes occur when goal orientation and motivational climate do not agree

Question 68

17. Which of the following goal perspective terms are synonymous? 

Answer 68

Answer: | Ego goal orientation and competitive goal orientation

Question 69

20. Measurable aspects of moral functioning include

Answer 69

Answer: | Prosocial and antisocial behavior

Question 70

1. Which is true about | Differentiated goal perspective. 

Answer 70

Answer: | All of the above

Question 71

9. Which is true about | Undifferentiated goal perspective. 

Answer 71

Answer: | Effort, ability, and outcome are all viewed by the child as being the same thing.