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HLSC 222 - Pathophysiology Across the Lifespan > Chapter 4 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards

1
Q

When does cellular injury occur?

A

if a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the result of reversible cellular injury?

A

cells recover

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3
Q

What is the result of irreversible cellular injury?

A

cells die

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4
Q

Physiological Cellular Response

A

adaptive

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5
Q

Pathogenic Cellular Response

A

disease causing

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6
Q

What is cellular atrophy?

A

decrease in cellular size

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7
Q

What is cellular hypertrophy?

A

increase in cellular size

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8
Q

What is cellular hyperplasia?

A

increase in cellular number

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9
Q

What is cellular metaplasia?

A

replacement of one type of cell with another

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10
Q

What is cellular dysplasia?

A

deranged cellular growth

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11
Q

When does cellular metaplasia occur?

A

with chronic injury or irritation

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12
Q

What does “meta” mean?

A

after, behind

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13
Q

When does cellular dysplasia occur?

A

persistent severe injury or irritation

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14
Q

What does “dys” mean?

A

bad

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of cellular injury?

A

hypoxic injury

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16
Q

Ischemia

A

reduced or restricted blood flow leading to inadequate blood supply

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoxia?

A

ischemia

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18
Q

What organelle is the main cellular consumer of oxygen?

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

What is the result of reduced oxygen to the mitochondria?

A

reduced ATP production resulting in reduced cellular energy and accumulation of H+

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20
Q

What can an accumulation of H+ in the mitochondria result in?

A

breakdown in the membrane leading to an increase intracellular H+ and loss of membrane potential

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21
Q

What does lost membrane potential lead to?

A

necrosis

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22
Q

Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

A

additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen

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23
Q

What are the mechanisms if ischemia-reperfusion injury?

A

oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium, inflammation

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24
Q

Cellular response to hypoxic injury?

A

decrease in ATP leading to sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange failure

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25
Q

What is the physical effect of hypoxic injury on cells?

A

swelling or shrinking

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26
Q

What are free radicals?

A

atoms missing an electron

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27
Q

What do free radicals do to healthy atoms?

A

attack them to obtain a replacement electron

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28
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

A

oxygen containing subset of free radicals created as a result of oxygen metabolism

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29
Q

Free Radicals are by-products of what?

A

normal metabolism

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30
Q

Oxidative stress results from…

A

not producing enough antioxidants to break down free radicals

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31
Q

Oxidative stress plays a major role in ______ and _________ ailments.

A

chronic and degenerative

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32
Q

What 3 things do free radicals cause?

A
  1. lipid peroxidation
  2. protein alteration
  3. DNA alteration
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33
Q

Lipid Peroxidation

A

damage to the lipid membrane

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34
Q

Protein Alteration

A

denaturation, breakdown, unfolding of proteins

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35
Q

DNA alteration

A

mutations in genes

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36
Q

What are xenobiotics?

A

substances foreign to the body (ie. lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury)

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37
Q

What chemical agent is most common in industry overexposure?

A

lead

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38
Q

Where is lead found?

A

houses with old paint that is chipped off and inhaled

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39
Q

How does lead affect humans?

A

lead poisoning, especially in fetus with immature BBB

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40
Q

Carbon monoxide is an _______, __________, __________ gas

A

odourless, colourless, nonirritating

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41
Q

How does carbon monoxide cause hypoxic injury?

A

oxygen deprivation by attaching to hemoglobin which has a higher affinity for CO

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42
Q

What is not able to store ethanol?

A

liver, unable to store the alcohol and becomes overwhelmed so it must make enzymes to break it down

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43
Q

Where is alcohol absorbed?

A

stomach

44
Q

Nutritional deficiencies?

A
45
Q

Alcohol consumption effects show a __-shaped curve

A

J-shaped

46
Q

Light to moderate drinkers have a ______ mortality than non-drinkers

A

lower

47
Q

Heavy drinkers have a ______ mortality

A

higher

48
Q

What is the result of alcohol in light to moderate drinkers?

A

decreased LDL levels, decreased BP, decrease in atherosclerosis

49
Q

Who does mercury threaten?

A

global and environmental health

50
Q

What is the leading cause of child poisonings?

A

medications

51
Q

What is a major limitation to medication therapy?

A

chemical injury

52
Q

How do chemicals and medications cause direct damage to cells?

A

combine directly with critical molecular substances

53
Q

On-Target Toxicity

A

direct damage to cells caused by chemotherapeutic and drugs of abuse

54
Q

What do medications activate?

A

toxic metabolites and free radicals

55
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

reaction to medication that ranges from a mild skin rash to immune-mediated organ failure

56
Q

Asphyxiation

A

failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

57
Q

Suffocation

A

aka systemic hypoxia resulting from no air exchange

58
Q

Strangulation

A

results from compression or closure of airways and causes cerebral hypoxia

59
Q

Drowning

A

when fluid fills the lungs and prevents oxygen exchange

60
Q

Drowning lets fluid pass through the capillaries and results in…

A

fluid and electrolyte changes in blood

61
Q

Chemical Asphyxiation

A

oxygen utilization and delivery is prevented

62
Q

How is carbon monoxide poisoning treated?

A

hyperbaric chamber

63
Q

What does cyanide do?

A

blocks oxygen at the ETC and leads to cardiac arrest

64
Q

Contusion

A

crushing injury to muscle, bruising

65
Q

Laceration

A

irregular cut with irregular edges

66
Q

Incision

A

sharp straight wound

67
Q

Fracture

A

broken or shattered bones

68
Q

Incised Wounds

A

wound is longer than it is deep

69
Q

Stab Wound

A

wound is deeper than it is long

70
Q

Puncture Wound

A

sharp point but not edges

71
Q

What is an infectious injury?

A

invasion of a pathogen that causes disease

72
Q

What does the disease-producing ability of a pathogen depend on?

A

how the pathogen invades, destroys, produces toxins, initiates a hyper immune reaction

73
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell death that occurs as a normal, controlled part of an organisms growth

74
Q

Apoptosis is an ______ process

A

orderly

75
Q

What happens during apoptosis?

A

the cell breaks up into sections that are taken away by the immune system

76
Q

Autophagy

A

consumption of a cells own contents to be used as fuel in order to oppose starvation and disease

77
Q

Necrosis

A

uncontrolled swelling and bursting of a cell membrane

78
Q

Why does necrosis happen?

A

disease, injury, failure of blood supply

79
Q

Necrosis occurs at the _____ level

A

cellular

80
Q

What are examples of organs where coagulative necrosis occurs?

A

kidney, heart

81
Q

What is the cause of coagulative necrosis?

A

ischemia or infarction

82
Q

Infarction

A

obstruction of blood supply causing cell death

83
Q

Ischemic cells can be revived if oxygen is restored within ___ minutes

A

20

84
Q

What causes coagulation?

A

protein denaturation

85
Q

Where does caseous necrosis occur?

A

lungs

86
Q

What is the appearance of tissue affected by caseous necrosis?

A

clumped cheese

87
Q

What causes caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

88
Q

What is the danger of TB?

A

dead cells become enveloped by other cells which increases their mass and decreases lung space

89
Q

Where does liquefactive necrosis occur?

A

brain

90
Q

What is the cause of liquefactive necrosis?

A

ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells

91
Q

What does liquefactive necrosis do?

A

turns tissue into liquid and causes infarction (blocking blood supply = cell death)

92
Q

Which bacteria may be responsible for liquefactive necrosis?

A

Streptococci or E. coli

93
Q

Where does fatty necrosis occur?

A

breasts and abdominal organs

94
Q

Fatty necrosis involved the action of what enzyme?

A

lipases

95
Q

Is fatty necrosis harmful?

A

usually no, body absorbs

96
Q

Gangrenous necrosis usually results from…

A

hypoxic injury (usually to major lower leg arteries)

97
Q

Areas of gangrenous necrosis are mediums for _____ _____

A

anaerobic bacterial growth

98
Q

Which bacteria causes gas gangrene?

A

Clostridium (anaerobic)

99
Q

When is gas gangrene fatal?

A

when it enters the blood and diminishes RBC oxygen carrying capacity (clostridium produces other gases)

100
Q

Oncosis

A

cell death due to swelling

101
Q

Oncosis: When ATP production decreases due to hypoxia, sodium and water move OUT of the cell and then…

A

potassium moves INTO the cell causing the osmotic pressure to increase and water moves into the cell

102
Q

What organelle is affected by oncosis?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum cisternae which distend, rupture, and form vacuoles

103
Q

Vacuolation

A

formation of vacuoles

104
Q

Cellular aging involves a_____, decreased function, and cell loss

A

atrophy

105
Q

What is the result of tissue and systemic aging?

A

stiffness and rigidity

106
Q

Sarcopenia

A

progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

HLSC 222 - Pathophysiology Across the Lifespan (16 decks)

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