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SLHS 301 > Chapter 4 - Anatomy of Phonation > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Anatomy of Phonation Flashcards

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1
Q

biological function of the larynx

A

-“last safety valve”, it seals the airway by expelling foreign objects (food/liquid)
-produces phonation
-vocal folds permit holding breath (swimming underwater, stabilizes trunk in lifting, childbirth, defecation

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2
Q

penetration vs aspiration

A

penetration - bolus enters airway but not vocal folds
aspiration - bolus passes through vocal folds

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3
Q

overview of larynx

A

-it’s a musculo-cartilaginous structure
-located above the 1st tracheal ring
-adjacent to the cervical vertebrae 4-6

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4
Q

structure of the larynx

A

3 unpaired cartilages
3 paired cartilages
1 bone
various ligaments and mucosa

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5
Q

unpaired cartilages

A

cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis

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6
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

-complete ring (looks like a signet ring), thicc in the back-narrow in the front
-articulates with the thyroid cartilage via the cricothyroid joint

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7
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

-largest laryngeal cartilage
-articulates with the cricoid cartilage - allows it to rock forward and backward

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8
Q

epiglottis

A

-leaflike cartilage (only non-hyaline cartilage)
-folds to protect the airway during swallowing

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9
Q

paired cartilages

A

-arytenoid cartilages, corniculate, cuneiform

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10
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A

-shaped like a tetrahedron
-sits on the thicc part of the cricoid
-articulates with the cricoid for a wide range of movement: rocks, slides, rotates
-posterior attachment of vocal folds (muscular process - attachment for abductory and adductory muscles, vocal process - attachment for vocal folds muscles

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11
Q

movement of the arytenoids

A

rocking - allows vocal folds to adduct and abduct, shorten and lengthen slightly
gliding - anterolaterally, affects vocal fold length
very little rotating - around the vertical axis

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12
Q

cuneiform cartilages

A

-reside within the aryepiglottic folds (to provide support)

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13
Q

corniculate cartilages

A

-ride on superior surface of each arytenoid
-landmark in the aryepiglottic folds

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14
Q

hyoid bone

A

-union between tongue and laryngeal structures
-point of attachment of many extrinsic laryngeal muscles
-loosely articulates with the superior cornu/horns of the thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

vocal folds are bands of __

A

-tissues that can be adducted/abducted

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16
Q

medial laryngeal surface is covered in ___

A

mucous membrane

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17
Q

extrinsic ligaments vs intrinsic ligaments

A

-extrinsic means one end is connected outside of the larynx (like the hyoid or trachea), intrinsic means it’s all contained within the larynx.

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18
Q

extrinsic ligaments/laryngeal membranes

A

-attachments between hyoid or trachea and the cartilages of the larynx
-attachments to the epiglottis

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19
Q

attachments between hyoid or trachea and the cartilages of the larynx (6)

A

-thyrohyoid membrane (in between the thyrohyoid ligaments)
-lateral thyrohyoid ligament
-median thyrohyoid ligament
-hyoepiglottic ligament
-thyroepiglottic ligament
-cricotracheal ligament

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20
Q

attachments to the epiglottis (3.5)

A

-hyoepiglottic ligament
-thyroepiglottic ligament: small stem at base of epiglottis
-glossoepiglottic ligament: connects the tongue to the epiglottis
–valleculae: space between the glossoepiglottic ligament and the frenulum looking thing in the middle.

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21
Q

intrinsic ligaments/laryngeal membranes (4)

A

-connect cartilages that provide support for the larynx
-fibroelastic membranes: upper quadrangular membrane, aryepiglottic folds, lower conus elasticus, and vocal ligament

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22
Q

quadrangular membrane connects the:

A

arytenoids, epiglottis, thryoid

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23
Q

superior boundary of the quadrangular membrane

A

aryepiglottic fold

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24
Q

cavities of the larynx (5)

A

-aditus
-vestibule
-laryngeal ventricle
-glottis
-conus elasticus

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25
aditus
entry to the larynx from the pharynx
26
vestibule
space between aditus and ventricular folds or false vocal folds
27
lateral walls of vestibule are formed by
aryepiglottic folds and quadrangular membrane
28
laryngeal ventricle
-or ventricular space, space between the ventricular folds and true vocal folds -contains mucus glands (laryngeal saccule) to lubricate the vocal folds
29
glottis
-space between the vocal folds
30
conus elasticus
-inferior surface of true vocal folds to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
31
false vocal folds
-ligament, muscle, and mucosal surface -thicker/heavier than true vocal folds -used to lubricate true VF, limited protective function -attach at an angle of the thyroid, and lateral surface of the arytenoid
32
5 layers of the vocal folds
-epithelium -lamina propria: superficial, intermediate, deep -thyroarytenoid muscle
33
VF epithelium
-non-keratinized, stratified, non-ciliated, squamous cells -protects against abrasion and strong contact forces -contains channels and microvilli -anchored by the BASEMENT MEMBRANE ZONE to superior layer of the lamina propria
34
basement membrane zone (BMZ)
-anchors the VF epithelium to the superficial lamina propria -two layers with diff types of collagen fibers
35
3 layers of the lamina propria
-superior layer of the lamina propria (sllp) -intermediate layer of the lamina propria (illp) -deep layer of the lamina propria (dllp)
36
superior layer of the lamina propria (sllp)
-"reinke's space" -more gel like, so fewer elastic fibers -looser more pliable
37
intermediate layer of the lamina propria (illp)
-more elastic fibers, some collagenous fibers
38
deep layer of the lamina propria (dllp)
-some elastic fibers, more collagenous fibers
39
ILLP + DLLP
-vocal ligament (white color)
40
Interaction of the musculature
-muscles work together (they don't work in isolation) -intrinsic muscles: fine adjustments for phonation control -extrinsic muscles: raise and lower the larynx for swallowing
41
intrinsic laryngeal muscles (primary movers, innervated by)
-all within the larynx -primary movers of vocal folds: adduct/abduct, shorten/lengthen, tense/relax -innervated by branches of CN X (vagus nerve): recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)
42
types of intrinsic muscles (4)
-adductors, abductors, tensors, relaxers
43
adductors (3)
-lateral cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid, transverse arytenoid (strongest to least)
44
lateral cricoarytenoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
-origin: cricoid, insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid -courses up and back -function: pulls the muscular process forward, rocks arytenoids forward and down, adducts vocal folds together -innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve -strongest
45
RLN (how it branches out)
CN X comes down from the brainstem and branches out. -branch comes down, loops around the aorta on the left, around the subclavian artery on the right, and comes back up to the larynx.
46
transverse interarytenoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
-origin and insertion: arytenoid cartilages -horizontal so it courses transverse / lateral -function: pulls arytenoids together -innervated by RLN
47
oblique interarytenoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
-origin is the base of one arytenoid and it inserts to the peak or apex of another arytenoid -courses up and diagonal -RLN
48
abductor
-posterior cricoarytenoid
49
posterior cricoarytenoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
-origin: posterior cricoid lamina, inserts to the muscular process of the arytenoid -rocks arytenoids back and out -ABDUCTS! -RLN
50
tensors
-cricothyroid muscle: pars recta, pars oblique (lateral), thyrovocalis
51
cricothyroid muscle (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
-origin: anterior medial cricoid -pars recta: inserts to the lower surface of the thyroid lamina -pars oblique: inserts to the thyroid lamina and the inferior cornu of the thyroid -lengthens and tenses the vocal folds - raises the pitch -JOB IS TO STRETCH (tense) THE VOCAL FOLDS -innervated by the SLN (branch of CN X)
52
SLN (how it moves)
-from the brainstem goes straight to the larynx -it's high up that's why superior
53
thyrovocalis (origin, insertion, function, innervation)
-medial portion of the thyroarytenoid -origin: inner thyroid cartilage -insertion: the vocal process of the arytenoid -bulk of the vocal folds -affects VF tension -RLN
54
relaxers
-thyromuscularis - most muscular portion of the vocal folds
55
thyromuscularis
-same as thyrovocalis -lateral portion
56
auxillary musculature
thyroepiglottic - dilates laryngeal opening, aryepiglottic muscle - folds epiglottis over for swallowing
57
extrinsic muscles
-one point of insertion outside the larynx -primary movers of larynx as a whole: up/down, stabilizes the larynx when things around are moving, CRITICAL FOR SWALLOWING -innervated by various cranial and spinal nerves
58
hyoid and laryngeal elevators (7)
-digastricus, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus, thyropharyngeus
59
digastricus pair (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
anterior belly: origin is behind chin to hyoid - pulls hyoid up and forward, innervated by CN V posterior belly: mastoid process of temporal bone - pulls hyoid up and back, innervated by CN VII course: medial and down
60
stylohyoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
origin: styloid process of the temporal bone insertion: hyoid course: medial and down function: elevates and retracts hyoid innervated by CN VII
61
mylohyoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
origin: inner surface of mandible, floor of the oral cavity insertion: hyoid function: elevates hyoid / depresses mandible innervated by CN V
62
geniohyoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
origin: mental spines, inner surface of mandible insertion: hyoid function: elevates and draws hyoid forward CN XII
63
genioglossus (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
origin: mental spines, inner surface of mandible insertion: tongue and hyoid function: tongue muscle and hyoid elevator CN XII
64
hyoglossus (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
origin: hyoid insertion: sides of tongue function: elevates hyoid, depresses tongue CN XII
65
thyropharyngeus (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)
function: part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor-elevates larynx origin: thyroid lamina and inferior cornu insertion: pharyngeal raphe CN X
66
hyoid and laryngeal depressors (4)
-sternohyoid -sternothyroid -omohyoid -thyrohyoid
67
sternohyoid
-sternum and hyoid -depresses hyoid
68
sternothyroid
-depresses thyroid
69
omohyoid
- 2 bellies: inferior and superior depresses hyoid and larynx
70
thyrohyoid
depresses hyoid or raises larynx

SLHS 301 (11 decks)

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