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SLHS 301 > Chapter 4 - Anatomy of Phonation > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Anatomy of Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

biological function of the larynx

A

-“last safety valve”, it seals the airway by expelling foreign objects (food/liquid)
-produces phonation
-vocal folds permit holding breath (swimming underwater, stabilizes trunk in lifting, childbirth, defecation

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2
Q

penetration vs aspiration

A

penetration - bolus enters airway but not vocal folds
aspiration - bolus passes through vocal folds

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3
Q

overview of larynx

A

-it’s a musculo-cartilaginous structure
-located above the 1st tracheal ring
-adjacent to the cervical vertebrae 4-6

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4
Q

structure of the larynx

A

3 unpaired cartilages
3 paired cartilages
1 bone
various ligaments and mucosa

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5
Q

unpaired cartilages

A

cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis

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6
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

-complete ring (looks like a signet ring), thicc in the back-narrow in the front
-articulates with the thyroid cartilage via the cricothyroid joint

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7
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

-largest laryngeal cartilage
-articulates with the cricoid cartilage - allows it to rock forward and backward

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8
Q

epiglottis

A

-leaflike cartilage (only non-hyaline cartilage)
-folds to protect the airway during swallowing

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9
Q

paired cartilages

A

-arytenoid cartilages, corniculate, cuneiform

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10
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A

-shaped like a tetrahedron
-sits on the thicc part of the cricoid
-articulates with the cricoid for a wide range of movement: rocks, slides, rotates
-posterior attachment of vocal folds (muscular process - attachment for abductory and adductory muscles, vocal process - attachment for vocal folds muscles

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11
Q

movement of the arytenoids

A

rocking - allows vocal folds to adduct and abduct, shorten and lengthen slightly
gliding - anterolaterally, affects vocal fold length
very little rotating - around the vertical axis

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12
Q

cuneiform cartilages

A

-reside within the aryepiglottic folds (to provide support)

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13
Q

corniculate cartilages

A

-ride on superior surface of each arytenoid
-landmark in the aryepiglottic folds

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14
Q

hyoid bone

A

-union between tongue and laryngeal structures
-point of attachment of many extrinsic laryngeal muscles
-loosely articulates with the superior cornu/horns of the thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

vocal folds are bands of __

A

-tissues that can be adducted/abducted

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16
Q

medial laryngeal surface is covered in ___

A

mucous membrane

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17
Q

extrinsic ligaments vs intrinsic ligaments

A

-extrinsic means one end is connected outside of the larynx (like the hyoid or trachea), intrinsic means it’s all contained within the larynx.

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18
Q

extrinsic ligaments/laryngeal membranes

A

-attachments between hyoid or trachea and the cartilages of the larynx
-attachments to the epiglottis

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19
Q

attachments between hyoid or trachea and the cartilages of the larynx (6)

A

-thyrohyoid membrane (in between the thyrohyoid ligaments)
-lateral thyrohyoid ligament
-median thyrohyoid ligament
-hyoepiglottic ligament
-thyroepiglottic ligament
-cricotracheal ligament

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20
Q

attachments to the epiglottis (3.5)

A

-hyoepiglottic ligament
-thyroepiglottic ligament: small stem at base of epiglottis
-glossoepiglottic ligament: connects the tongue to the epiglottis
–valleculae: space between the glossoepiglottic ligament and the frenulum looking thing in the middle.

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21
Q

intrinsic ligaments/laryngeal membranes (4)

A

-connect cartilages that provide support for the larynx
-fibroelastic membranes: upper quadrangular membrane, aryepiglottic folds, lower conus elasticus, and vocal ligament

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22
Q

quadrangular membrane connects the:

A

arytenoids, epiglottis, thryoid

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23
Q

superior boundary of the quadrangular membrane

A

aryepiglottic fold

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24
Q

cavities of the larynx (5)

A

-aditus
-vestibule
-laryngeal ventricle
-glottis
-conus elasticus

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25
Q

aditus

A

entry to the larynx from the pharynx

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26
Q

vestibule

A

space between aditus and ventricular folds or false vocal folds

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27
Q

lateral walls of vestibule are formed by

A

aryepiglottic folds and quadrangular membrane

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28
Q

laryngeal ventricle

A

-or ventricular space, space between the ventricular folds and true vocal folds
-contains mucus glands (laryngeal saccule) to lubricate the vocal folds

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29
Q

glottis

A

-space between the vocal folds

30
Q

conus elasticus

A

-inferior surface of true vocal folds to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

31
Q

false vocal folds

A

-ligament, muscle, and mucosal surface
-thicker/heavier than true vocal folds
-used to lubricate true VF, limited protective function
-attach at an angle of the thyroid, and lateral surface of the arytenoid

32
Q

5 layers of the vocal folds

A

-epithelium
-lamina propria: superficial, intermediate, deep
-thyroarytenoid muscle

33
Q

VF epithelium

A

-non-keratinized, stratified, non-ciliated, squamous cells
-protects against abrasion and strong contact forces
-contains channels and microvilli
-anchored by the BASEMENT MEMBRANE ZONE to superior layer of the lamina propria

34
Q

basement membrane zone (BMZ)

A

-anchors the VF epithelium to the superficial lamina propria
-two layers with diff types of collagen fibers

35
Q

3 layers of the lamina propria

A

-superior layer of the lamina propria (sllp)
-intermediate layer of the lamina propria (illp)
-deep layer of the lamina propria (dllp)

36
Q

superior layer of the lamina propria (sllp)

A

-“reinke’s space”
-more gel like, so fewer elastic fibers
-looser more pliable

37
Q

intermediate layer of the lamina propria (illp)

A

-more elastic fibers, some collagenous fibers

38
Q

deep layer of the lamina propria (dllp)

A

-some elastic fibers, more collagenous fibers

39
Q

ILLP + DLLP

A

-vocal ligament (white color)

40
Q

Interaction of the musculature

A

-muscles work together (they don’t work in isolation)
-intrinsic muscles: fine adjustments for phonation control
-extrinsic muscles: raise and lower the larynx for swallowing

41
Q

intrinsic laryngeal muscles (primary movers, innervated by)

A

-all within the larynx
-primary movers of vocal folds: adduct/abduct, shorten/lengthen, tense/relax
-innervated by branches of CN X (vagus nerve): recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)

42
Q

types of intrinsic muscles (4)

A

-adductors, abductors, tensors, relaxers

43
Q

adductors (3)

A

-lateral cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid, transverse arytenoid (strongest to least)

44
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

-origin: cricoid, insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid
-courses up and back
-function: pulls the muscular process forward, rocks arytenoids forward and down, adducts vocal folds together
-innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve
-strongest

45
Q

RLN (how it branches out)

A

CN X comes down from the brainstem and branches out.
-branch comes down, loops around the aorta on the left, around the subclavian artery on the right, and comes back up to the larynx.

46
Q

transverse interarytenoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

-origin and insertion: arytenoid cartilages
-horizontal so it courses transverse / lateral
-function: pulls arytenoids together
-innervated by RLN

47
Q

oblique interarytenoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

-origin is the base of one arytenoid and it inserts to the peak or apex of another arytenoid
-courses up and diagonal
-RLN

48
Q

abductor

A

-posterior cricoarytenoid

49
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

-origin: posterior cricoid lamina, inserts to the muscular process of the arytenoid
-rocks arytenoids back and out
-ABDUCTS!
-RLN

50
Q

tensors

A

-cricothyroid muscle: pars recta, pars oblique (lateral), thyrovocalis

51
Q

cricothyroid muscle (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

-origin: anterior medial cricoid
-pars recta: inserts to the lower surface of the thyroid lamina
-pars oblique: inserts to the thyroid lamina and the inferior cornu of the thyroid
-lengthens and tenses the vocal folds - raises the pitch
-JOB IS TO STRETCH (tense) THE VOCAL FOLDS
-innervated by the SLN (branch of CN X)

52
Q

SLN (how it moves)

A

-from the brainstem goes straight to the larynx
-it’s high up that’s why superior

53
Q

thyrovocalis (origin, insertion, function, innervation)

A

-medial portion of the thyroarytenoid
-origin: inner thyroid cartilage
-insertion: the vocal process of the arytenoid
-bulk of the vocal folds
-affects VF tension
-RLN

54
Q

relaxers

A

-thyromuscularis - most muscular portion of the vocal folds

55
Q

thyromuscularis

A

-same as thyrovocalis
-lateral portion

56
Q

auxillary musculature

A

thyroepiglottic - dilates laryngeal opening, aryepiglottic muscle - folds epiglottis over for swallowing

57
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

-one point of insertion outside the larynx
-primary movers of larynx as a whole: up/down, stabilizes the larynx when things around are moving, CRITICAL FOR SWALLOWING
-innervated by various cranial and spinal nerves

58
Q

hyoid and laryngeal elevators (7)

A

-digastricus, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus, thyropharyngeus

59
Q

digastricus pair (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

anterior belly: origin is behind chin to hyoid - pulls hyoid up and forward, innervated by CN V
posterior belly: mastoid process of temporal bone - pulls hyoid up and back, innervated by CN VII

course: medial and down

60
Q

stylohyoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

origin: styloid process of the temporal bone
insertion: hyoid
course: medial and down
function: elevates and retracts hyoid
innervated by CN VII

61
Q

mylohyoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

origin: inner surface of mandible, floor of the oral cavity
insertion: hyoid
function: elevates hyoid / depresses mandible
innervated by CN V

62
Q

geniohyoid (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

origin: mental spines, inner surface of mandible
insertion: hyoid
function: elevates and draws hyoid forward
CN XII

63
Q

genioglossus (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

origin: mental spines, inner surface of mandible
insertion: tongue and hyoid
function: tongue muscle and hyoid elevator
CN XII

64
Q

hyoglossus (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

origin: hyoid
insertion: sides of tongue
function: elevates hyoid, depresses tongue
CN XII

65
Q

thyropharyngeus (origin, insertion, course, function, innervation)

A

function: part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor-elevates larynx
origin: thyroid lamina and inferior cornu
insertion: pharyngeal raphe
CN X

66
Q

hyoid and laryngeal depressors (4)

A

-sternohyoid
-sternothyroid
-omohyoid
-thyrohyoid

67
Q

sternohyoid

A

-sternum and hyoid
-depresses hyoid

68
Q

sternothyroid

A

-depresses thyroid

69
Q

omohyoid

A
  • 2 bellies: inferior and superior depresses hyoid and larynx
70
Q

thyrohyoid

A

depresses hyoid or raises larynx

SLHS 301 (11 decks)

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