Chapter 6 Cont (Tongue)

Question 1

Parts of the tongue

Answer 1

apex, dorsum, base, root (attached to the inner surface of the mandible, counterpart of the mental symphysis), inferior surface

Question 2

Landmarks of the tongue

Answer 2

lingual mucosa (or lingual epithelial surface), lingual aponeurosis, vertical extension: lingual septum, lingual frenulum

Question 3

Fibrous septum

Answer 3

aka lingual septum or median fibrous septum, median wall/vertical partition of left and right

Question 4

extrinsic muscles of the tongue (5)
-innervated by what cranial nerve?

Answer 4

genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, chondro and palato

ALL INNERVATED BY CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve

Question 5

genioglossus

Answer 5

-chin to tongue
-origin: inner mandibular symphysis
-insertion: tip, dorsum, base, and hyoid
-course: fans out
-function: bulk of the tongue, protrudes or retracts tongue

Question 6

hyoglossus

Answer 6

-hyoid to tongue
-origin: great cornu and lateral body of hyoid
-insertion: sides of tongue
-function: pulls down sides of the tongue, also a laryngeal elevator

Question 7

styloglossus

Answer 7

-styloid process of the temporal bone to the inferior sides of the tongue
-function: pulls tongue back and up

Question 8

intrinsic muscles (4)
-whats the purpose of these muscles?
-innervated by what cranial nerve?

Answer 8

-purpose: to change the shape of the tongue
-superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical

ALL INNERVATED BY CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve

Question 9

superior longitudinal

Answer 9

-attachments: base (epiglottis and hyoid) to apex
-course: fans forward and outward
-function: (elevates) curls the tongue up, retract, can deviate tip on one side

Question 10

inferior longitudinal

Answer 10

-attachments: root of tongue and corpus to apex
-course: forward
-function: (depress) curls tongue down, retract, can deviate tip on one side

Question 11

transverse tongue muscle

Answer 11

-attachments: median fibrous septum to lateral edge of the tongue
-course: laterally
-function: narrows the tongue, PRIMARY MUSCLE FOR PROTRUDING THE TONGUE

Question 12

vertical tongue muscle

Answer 12

-same area as transverse
-attachments: base of tongue to cover of tongue
-course: vertical
-function: flattens tongue, pulls tongue into floor of the mouth

Question 13

elevating posterior tongue (importance)

Answer 13

to squeeze the velum after bolus has passed

Question 14

tongue pathologies

Answer 14

-tongue tie, hemiglossectomy - removing half the tongue

Question 15

jaw muscles
-innervated by what nerve?

Answer 15

-all innervated by CN V Trigeminal (chews)
-open/close the jaw, move side to side, protrude/retract the jaw = for grinding, chewing, and speech

Question 16

list of jaw muscles (8)

Answer 16

-masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids, platysma, digastricus, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

Question 17

masseter mandibular muscle
-what’s the primary function?

Answer 17

-attachments: zygomatic arch to ramus and coronoid process of mandible
-course: down
-function: elevates mandible (PRIMARILY CLOSES THE JAW)

Question 18

temporalis

Answer 18

-attachments: temporal and parietal to coronoid process and ramus
-course: down
-function: elevates mandible (closes the jaw - SECONDARY)

Question 19

medial pterygoid

Answer 19

-attachments: medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid to the ramus of mandible
-course: downward posteriorly
-function: elevates jaw, can shift one side of jaw, slightly helps with protruding of jaw

Question 20

laterial pterygoid

Answer 20

-attachments: lateral pterygoid of the sphenoid to condyloid process
-courseL posteriorly
-function: PRIMARILY PROTRUDES THE JAW, can also move sideways

Question 21

digastricus pair

Answer 21

-anterior belly: origin is behind the chin (loops around tendons) at the hyoid (CN V)
-posterior belly: mastoid process of temporal bone to hyoid (CN VII)
-course: medial and down
-function: move jaw down OR hyoid up and forward (whichever is stabilized)

Question 22

platysma

Answer 22

-attachments: fascia of chest/shoulder muscles to corner of mouth
-course: up
-function: depresses the mandible

CN VII

Question 23

geniohyoid

Answer 23

origin: mental spines, inner surface of mandible
insertion: hyoid
function: elevates and draws hyoid forward
CN XII (hypoglossal)

Question 24

mylohyoid

Answer 24

origin: inner surface of mandible, floor of the oral cavity
insertion: hyoid
function: elevates hyoid / depresses mandible
innervated by CN V

Question 25

muscles of the velum

Answer 25

-elevator: levator veli palatini
-deppressor: palatoglossus muscle, palatopharyngeus muscle
-eustachian tube dilator: tensor veli palatini muscle

Question 26

levator veli palatini

Answer 26

-attachments: temporal bone and cartilage of eustachian tube to velum
-function: elevates the velum so it could push against the posterior pharyngeal wall to seal it off so air wouldn’t go to the nose

Question 27

palatoglossus

Answer 27

-anterior faucial pillars
-function: elevate tongue or lower the velum

Question 28

palatopharyngeus

Answer 28

-posteior faucial pillars
-function: narrows the pharynx, lowers the velum

Question 29

tensor veli palatini

Answer 29

-attachments: sphenoid bone and lateral auditory tube to the eustachian tube
-function: opens the eustachian tube when it pulls on it (that’s why it’s called dilator)

Question 30

facts about the eustachian tube

Answer 30

-closed when at rest
-passage from nasal pharynx to the middle ear to allow air (to maintain equilibrium)

Question 31

muscles of the pharynx

Answer 31

-superior, middle, inferior constrictors = form the pharyngeal tube

Question 32

superior constrictor

Answer 32

-most important! narrows the pharynx by pulling pharyngeal wall forward (works with the velum)

Question 33

middle constrictor

Answer 33

-propels bolus into esophagus

Question 34

inferior constrictor

Answer 34

-makes up part of the cricopharyngeus aka upper esophageal sphincter (esophagus closed at rest), opens esophagus

Question 35

CN V (trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch)

Answer 35

-masster, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids, mylohyoid, anterior digastricus belly

Question 36

CN VII (facial nerve)

Answer 36

-muscles that impact face and lip movement (lip elevators, depressors and retractors), platysma

Question 37

CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

Answer 37

-all intrinsic muscles of the tongue, and geniohyoid