Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Function

Question 1

Refers to ischemia that is initiated by increased demand and relived with the reduction of that demand.

Answer 1

Stable angina

Question 2

The cascade of events in which plaque ulcerates, inflammation occurs, platelet aggregate, and thrombi form further diminishes the blood supply. As a result, platelets release Thromboxane A2, a potent vasoconstrictor, causing the arteries to spasm. The spasms triggers an unrelenting cycle of more platelet aggression and more spasms. Chest pain eventually becomes unpredictable, occurs at rest, or increases in frequency or intensity. This change in pain which is known as__________is considered a pre-infarction State.

Answer 2

Unstable angina

Question 3

Refers to an inflammation of the pericardium the sac that surrounds and protects and supports the heart.

Answer 3

Pericarditis

Question 4

This inflammation is most commonly triggered by viral infections but may also result from other infections, thoracic trauma (surgery, radiation, accidents) myocardial infarction, malignancy, tuberculosis, uremia, autoimmune conditions (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma)

Answer 4

Pericarditis

Question 5

In this inflammatory process, fluid shifts from the capillaries to the space between the pericardial sac and the heart.

Answer 5

Pericarditis

Question 6

Clinical manifestations of pericarditis

Answer 6

Pericardial friction rub
Sharp, sudden severe chest pain
Dyspnea
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Edema
Flulike symptoms

Question 7

Following risk factors render patients more vulnerable to development of infective endocarditis

Answer 7

IV drug use or presence of an IV for an extended period of time
Valvular disorders
Prosthetic heart valves
Implanted cardiac devices
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Marfan syndrome
Immunodeficiency states

Question 8

Valvular disorders may have a number of causes

Answer 8

Rheumatic fever

Infective endocarditis

Question 9

Is death of the myocardium from a sudden blockage of coronary blood flow

Answer 9

Myocardial infarction

Question 10

This blockage exemplifies the nursing diagnosis of ineffective tissue perfusion, may be caused by atherosclerosis, thrombus, or Vasospasm

Answer 10

MI myocardial infarction

Question 11

The trigger for an ____ is not always known, but such events may occur after physical exertion, while sleeping or resting, during outside activity in cold weather, and with severe emotional stress.

Answer 11

MI myocardial infarction

Question 12

Other names for an ____, include heart attack and acute coronary syndrome

Answer 12

MI

Question 13

Cardiovascular disease including CAD, is the leading cause of death in the United States, and death usually results from cardiac damage after an ______.

Answer 13

MI myocardial infarction

Question 14

Some people do not experience symptoms of MI, such asymptomatic MI is known as a _____?

Answer 14

Silent MI

Question 15

Clinical manifestations of an MI

Answer 15

Unstable angina
Fatigue
Nausea vomiting
Coughing
SOB
Diaphoresis
Indigestion
EKG changes
Anxiety
Syncope
Dizziness
Sleep disturbance

Question 16

Treatment for an MI

Answer 16

Morphine
Oxygen
Nitro
Aspirin

Question 17

Causes for dysrhythmias

Answer 17

Acid base imbalances
Hypoxia
Congenital heart defects
Connective tissue disorders
Degeneration of connective tissues
Drug toxicity
Electrolyte imbalances
Stress
MI
Myocardial ischemia or infarction

Question 18

All cardiac muscle cells can initiate impulses, but normally the conduction pathway originates in the

Answer 18

SA node

Question 19

The _____ automatically generates impulses from 60 to 100 beats per minute

Answer 19

SA node

Question 20

The intrinsic rate of impulses in the _____ is 40 to 60 bpm

Answer 20

AV node

Question 21

The _______ can generate impulses at 20 to 40 beats per minute

Answer 21

Ventricles

Question 22

On an EKG reading, atrial contraction is represented by depolarization in the _______, and ventricular contraction is represented by depolarization in the large ______ complex

Answer 22

P wave

QRS

Question 23

The ______ represents Repolarization or recovery, of the ventricles

Answer 23

T wave

Question 24

Walls of the arteries can weaken because of high pressure, plaque, and infections. These weakened areas balloon outward, a condition known as

Answer 24

Aneurysm

Question 25

Are the most common type of aneurysm, although they can occur anywhere along the aorta, the abdominal section is the most common site.

Answer 25

Aortic aneurysms

Question 26

The most common type of cerebral aneurysm is

Answer 26

Saccular

Question 27

Risk factors for developing aneurysms

Answer 27

Congenital weakening of the arterial wall Atherosclerosis Hypertension Dyslipidemia Diabetes Emphysema Tobacco Alcoholism Obesity Advanced age Trauma Infection (syphillis and tuberculosis) Copper deficiency

Question 28

Can present with a pulsating mass, abdominal back pain, and lower extremity cyanosis

Answer 28

Abdominal aortic aneurysms

Question 29

Refers to a thrombus in an inflamed vein, most often in legs Vein inflammation resulting from a thrombus Also associated with varicose veins Raynaud disease

Answer 29

Thrombophlebitis

Question 30

A prolonged elevation in blood pressure

Answer 30

Hypertension

Question 31

Is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CAD, MI, heart failure, and stroke)

Answer 31

Hypertension

Question 32

Was classified as a blood pressure reading 140/90 in adults, but the new guidelines define it as 130/80

Answer 32

Hypertension

Question 33

In most cases 95% of adults, there is no identifiable cause. This type of hypertension is called

Answer 33

Primary hypertension or essential hypertension

Question 34

Other cases of hypertension are caused by an underlying condition. This type of hypertension is called

Answer 34

Secondary hypertension

Question 35

Is called the silent killer because many people do not have any symptoms

Answer 35

Hypertension

Question 36

Describes a state in which blood pressure is greater than 180/120 in an individual who is relatively asymptomatic and there is no evidence of end organ failure

Answer 36

Hypertensive urgency

Question 37

Describes a state in which blood pressure is greater than 180/120 in an individual who is symptomatic and/or has evidence of end organ failure

Answer 37

Hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension

Question 38

If atherosclerosis has developed in the femoral or lower extremity arteries, leg cramps when walking _________ are usually the presenting symptom

Answer 38

Intermittent claudication

Question 39

Also referred to as Coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease, is a narrowing or blockage of the arteries supplying the myocardium, usually caused by atherosclerosis

Answer 39

Coronary artery disease CAD

Question 40

Most common type of heart disease in the United States

Answer 40

CAD

Question 41

Despite great advancements in treatment, cardiovascular disease including ______ remains the leading death in the United States and worldwide for men and women.

Answer 41

CAD

Question 42

Is the leading cause of myocardial infarction

Answer 42

CAD

Question 43

With this type of disease more than 50% of the coronary artery is occluded

Answer 43

Obstructive CAD

Question 44

The large arteries are narrowed by plaque, but the occlusion is less than 50%

Answer 44

Non obstructive CAD

Question 45

Clinical manifestations of CAD

Answer 45

Angina that radiates to other locations (jaw, neck, arm, or back) Indigestion Nausea/vomiting Cool clammy extremities Diaphoresis Dyspnea Fatigue Weakness Sleep disturbances

Question 46

In __________, the myocardium becomes enlarged, thick, or rigid.

Answer 46

Cardiomyopathy

Question 47

The _______ reflects the rapidly growing knowledge base regarding genetic mutations, acquired causes, and further conditions involved in the development of cardiomyopathies

Answer 47

MOGE classification

Question 48

Develops when the ventricles become enlarged and weakened and the most common form of cardiomyopathy in children

Answer 48

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 49

Is very common affecting 1 and 500 people in the United States. Affects both systolic and diastolic function. Hypertension, obstructive valvular disease, and thyroid disease increase the risk for developing this disorder

Answer 49

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 50

Is a common cause of sudden cardiac death in young people, especially athletes

Answer 50

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 51

This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by rigidity of the ventricles, but the myocardium does not thicken .

Answer 51

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 52

Normal electrical conduction is referred to as ________, where as deviations from normal are referred to as ________.

Answer 52

Sinus rhythm Dysrthmias or arrthymias

Question 53

In ______, the fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity to the point that it compresses the heart.

Answer 53

Cardiac tamponade

Question 54

Sudden acute cardiac tamponade presents much like cardiogenic shock, with hypertension, jugular vein distention, and muffled heart sounds a group of symptoms known as the

Answer 54

Beck triad

Question 55

Most often this condition is caused by atherosclerosis that is located in the arteries, but it can also be caused by a thrombus, inflammation (thromboangitis obliterans) or Vasospasm (raynaud disease and raynaud phenomenon)

Answer 55

Peripheral vascular disease

Question 56

Refers to a narrowing of the peripheral vessels

Answer 56

PVD

Question 57

Refers to the narrowing of the peripheral vessels

Answer 57

Peripheral vascular disease