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Biology > Chapter 4 (Cell Structure and Function) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 (Cell Structure and Function) Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Basic units of structure and function of all life

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

used a microscope to observe cork cells in plant tissue

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3
Q

Cork Cells

A

These cells were not actually living so he was actually observing cell walls.

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4
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

used home made microscopes to make the first obervations of living cells in a drop of pond water

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5
Q

Who was the father of cytology?

A

For his contribution to the study of the cell Hooke was referred to as this

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6
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

Stated that all plants were composed of cells

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7
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

stated that all animals were composed of cells

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8
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells

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9
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of life
  3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
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10
Q

What is meant by cellular diversity

A

There is great diversity in cellular size and shape

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11
Q

How many different types of cells are in the human body?

A

at least 200

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12
Q

What is significant concerning the size of the following cells: Chaos chaos and Micoplasma

A

Chaos chaos =1000um in diameter

Mycoplasma =0.2um in diameter

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13
Q

Who was the father of microbiology?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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14
Q

What is the size range of most cells?

A

between 10 and 50 um in diameter

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15
Q

What is the smallest and largest cell in the human body?

A

the ovum cell is the largest with 130um’s and the sperm cell is the smallest with 3um’s

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16
Q

What factors limit the size of a cell

A

the ratio between its internal volume and its external surface area

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17
Q

Organelles

A

cellular structures that perform specific functions within the cell

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18
Q

Examples of Eukaryotes

A

have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei

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19
Q

Examples of Prokaryotes

A

do not have membrane bound organelles or true nuclei

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20
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the region of the cell within the cell membrane that includes everything except the nucleus

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

“control center of the cell” contains DNA the molecule of hereditary responsible for producing all of the organisms proteins

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22
Q

Robert Brown

A

scientist the discovered the nucleus

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23
Q

What size is the nucleus of a cell

A

2 to 5 micrometers in diameter

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24
Q

Chromatin

A

composed of DNA and protein. It is in a thread like form it is visible as a granular substance under the light microscope

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25
Chromosones
the coiling and shortening of the chromatin results in a rod shaped body referred to as chromosome
26
Colonial Organisms
a group of genetically identical cells that contribute to the group by performing a specific function
27
Levels of Organization
Cell>Tissue>Organ>Organ System>Organism
28
Plasma Membrane
the outer boundary it regulates what enters and leaves the cell. aids in the protection and support
29
Selectively Permeable Membrane
allows some substances to move across the membrane and prevents others from moving across the membrane
30
Phospholipid Bilayer
have a polar head and 2 non-polar tails the polar hydrophilic head orients itself toward the outside wall
31
Cholesterol
makes the membrane more firm and prevents the membrane from freezing in low temperatures
32
Sterols
lipids that fit between the tails of the phospholipids steroids are necessary for nerve and other cell function
33
Aqueous
in reference to a solution where water is the solvent
34
Hydrophilic
attraction to water
35
Hydrophobic
repulsion to water
36
Fluid Mosaic Model
used to describe the cell membrane structure of lipids and proteins the lipid bilayer behaves as a fluid the proteins float laterally and vertically
37
Peripheral Proteins
located of the interior and the exterior of the cell membrane
38
Integral Proteins
proteins embedded in the bilayer some extend across the cell membrane and are exposed to both surfaces
39
Cytosol
the gelatinous, aqueous fluid portion of the cytoplasm containing dissolved salts, minerals, and organic molecules
40
Nuclear Envelope
composed of a double membrane that forms a boundary around the nucleus it contains mant nuclear pores that allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus
41
Nuclear Pores
help transport substances into and out of the nucleus
42
Nucleolus
small region of the nucleus that functions to make ribosomes
43
Nuclear Matrix
protein skeleton that helps the nucleus keep its shape
44
Mitochondria
"the powerhouse of the cell" converts organic molecules into a usable form of energy
45
Adenosine Triphosphate
usable form of energy used to power most of the chemical reactions of the cell
46
Cristae
allow more surface area for chemical reactions to occur (folds in inner membrane)
47
Inner Membranes of the Mitochondria
has many convolutions or folds which increases surface area of the mitochondria
48
Outer Membranes of the Mitochondria
surrounds the mitochondria serving as protective boundary with the cytosol
49
Ribosome
protein synthesis occurs here they are composed of RNA and protein they are not bound by membranes
50
What is the size of the Ribosome
25nm
51
Endoplasmic Reticulum
network of membranous tubules and sacs that function to transport materials within the cell
52
Rough ER
ribosomes are attached to the surface many of the proteins exported or inserted into membranes come from rough ER
53
Smooth ER
no ribosomes are attached to the surface surface is very smooth
54
Golgi Apparatus
looks like flattened sac of convex membranes it works closely with ER to modify proteins for export
55
Vesicles
Have many different structures and functions in the cell
56
Lysosome
small membranes bound organelles which contain chemicals and enzymes needed to digest certain materials in the cell
57
Autophagy
process by which lysosomes digest worn-out organelles within a cell
58
Autolysis
process by which lysosomes digest damaged or extra cells
59
Peroxisomes
similar to lysosomes but have different enzymes and are not produced by the golgi. neutralize free radicals that can damage cells
60
Glyoxysomes
special peroxisomes found in seeds of some plants function to break down stored fats to provide energy for growth
61
Endosome
vesicle inside the cell formed from the engulfing of materials outside the cell
62
Protein Synthesis
process of the ribosome assembling a polypeptide from amino acids based on a specific gene code from DNA
63
Cytoskeleton
maintains shape and size of the cell. Helps with the movement of organelles. Composed of a series of protein strands in the cytosol.
64
Microfilaments
smallest cytoskeleton strand. Composed of a protein referred to as actin. Responsible for cellular movement. Ex. cytoplasmic streaming and muscular contractions.
65
Actin
protein in microfilaments
66
Microtubules
largest strand of the cytoskeleton made from a protein referred to as tubulin
67
Tubulin
protein in microtubules
68
Intermediate Filaments
rods that anchor the nucleus and other organelles
69
Cilia
short hair like structure in large quantities on certain cells
70
Flagella
large hair like structure in smaller quantities on certain cells
71
Centrioles
found in most eukaryotes
72
Cell Wall
protects and supports the cell
73
Vacuoles
sac like structures used to store water, food and waste many plants have a large central fluid filled vacuole
74
Turgor Pressure
allows plants to grow quickly and support leaves basically water pressure
75
Plastids
DNA containing organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane
76
Primary Cell Wall
forms just outside the cell membrane it is composed of cellulose making the cell wall elastic
77
Secondary Cell Wall
occurs only in woody plants forms between the primary cell wall and the cell membrane
78
Cellulose
structural polysaccharide in the cell wall
79
Lignin
makes the cell wall more rigid
80
Pectin Layer
first layer to develop it is found where two plant cells meet
81
Amyloplast
stores starch granuoles
82
Chromoplast
store colorful pigments such as bright orange and yellow
83
Chloroplast
store green chloryphyll pigment Photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplasts

Biology (5 decks)

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