Chapter 4 - Class Powerpoint Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
What are the two main parts of the Nervous System?
A
The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System.
2
Q
What is the Central Nervous System?
A
CNS; receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information; sends out messages to muscles, glands, organs.
3
Q
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
A
PNS; handles input & output from the CNS; all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. Carries information to and from the nervous system.
4
Q
What are the two main components of the Central Nervous System?
A
The brain and the spinal cord.
5
Q
What does the spinal cord do in the CNS?
A
The spinal cord is a bridge between the brain and parts of the body below the neck. Spinal nerves are protected by the spinal column; enables spinal reflexes.
6
Q
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
A
The Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System.
7
Q
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
A
Consists of nerves that carry messages to skeletal muscles (controls voluntary muscles).
8
Q
What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
A
Consists of nerves that control involuntary function (vital and automatic processes of the body).
9
Q
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
A
The Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System.
10
Q
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?
A
Becomes most active in emergency situation (fight or flight).
11
Q
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
A
Controls ongoing maintenance processes (digestion).
12
Q
Examples of Parasympathetic Division (9).
A
Constricts pupils Stimulates tear glands Strongly stimulates salivation Slows heartbeat Constricts bronchial tubes in lungs Activates digestion Inhibits glucose release by liver Contracts bladder wall Stimulates genital erection/vaginal lubrication.
13
Q
Examples of Sympathetic Division (11).
A
Dilates pupils Weakly stimulates salivation Stimulates sweat glands Accelerates heartbeat Dilates bronchial tubes in lungs Inhibits digestion Increases epinephrine, norepinephrine secretion by adrenal glands Relaxes bladder wall Decreases urine volume Stimulates glucose release by liver Stimulates ejaculation in males
14
Q
What is the Nervous System made up of?
A
Neurons and Glia.
15
Q
What are Neurons?
A
Cells that conduct electrochemical signals; basic unit of the nervous system.
16
Q
What are Glia?
A
Cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections, and modify neural functioning.
17
Q
How are Neurons used in communication?
A
They transmit electrical signals throughout the body; a basic unit of the Nervous System.
18
Q
What is the Nervous System?
A
The communication highway of the body.
19
Q
What are the three basic types of Neurons?
A
Sensory Neurons, Motor Neurons, and Interneurons.
20
Q
What are Sensory Neurons?
A
Afferent Neurons; they carry sensory messages to the brain.
21
Q
What are Motor Neurons?
A
Efferent Neurons; they carry messages from the brain to the muscles of the body.
22
Q
What are Interneurons?
A
They connect neurons into networks. Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord and interneurons.
23
Q
What are the three basic structures of Neurons, and 3 other structures?
A
The cell body, dendrites, and axon. Other structures: myelin sheath, nodes, synapse.
24
Q
What is the cell body?
A
The location on the neuron where the transmitter substances are manufactured.
25
What are dendrites?
The neuron's antennae, the receiving site of chemical signals (messages).
26
What are axons?
The part of the neuron that transmits chemical signals.
27
What is the myelin sheath?
A protective covering around the axon (of a neuron) made up of glial cells.
28
What are synapses?
The junction of an axon terminal onto a dendrite.
29
What is neuron communication?
Electrochemical.
30
What is activity within the neuron?
Electrical.
31
What is activity between neurons?
Chemical.
32
What is the electrical process (of the neuron) created by?
The electrical process is created by a thin membrane around the neuron.
33
What is the Resting Potential?
When the inside of a neuron is negatively charged, and the exterior is positively charged.
34
What is Polarization?
An event that occurs when there is a balance between the positive and the negative charges.
35
What is an Action Potential?
An event that occurs when the membrane becomes stimulated. The pores on the membrane open, allowing positive charges to enter. The neuron is then depolarized, an electrical charge is sent down the axon.
36
What are the factors affecting neuronal firing?
The "All or None" Principle - if sufficiently stimulated (depolarized), the neuron will to its fullest extent.
The Refractory Period (absolute and relative)
37
Is there direct contact between neurons?
No, the communication is through synapses (chemical signals). The synapse includes the axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell.
38
What causes the release of neurotransmitters?
The action potential sweeping along the axon.
39
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals that move across the synaptic space, allowing communication with other neurons by binding to their receptor sites (electrical process begins again).
40
What does "Reuptake" mean?
After communication between neurons, the neurotransmitter is taken back in by the neuron that released it.
41
What is Dopamine?
A neurotransmitter that is linked to emotional arousal, learning and memory, and is linked to Parkinson's Disorder.
42
What is GABA?
A neurotransmitter that is involved in motor behaviour and level of arousal.
43
What is Serotonin?
A neurotransmitter that is involved with activity level, sleep, appetite, and emotion. It is linked to depression.
44
What is Acetylcholine?
A neurotransmitter that is involved in muscle activity and memory, and linked to Huntington's Disorder.
45
What is Glutamate?
A major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
46
What is Norepinephrine?
A neurotransmitter that is involved with increased heart rate, slowed intestinal activity during stress, learning, memory, dreaming, waking, emotion.
47
What are Endorphins?
A chemical messenger/substance in the nervous system that is similar in structure and action to opiates.
Involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory.
Technically known as endogenous opioid peptides.
48
What are hormones?
Chemical substance/messenger that is secreted by organs called endocrine glands that affect the functioning of other organs; regulate growth, metabolism, sexual development and behaviour, and other functions.
49
What is Melatonin?
A hormone that regulates daily biological rhythms, sleep.
50
What is oxytocin?
A hormone that regulates childbirth contractions, milk ejection.
51
What are adrenal hormones?
A group of hormones that regulate emotion, stress, and epinephrine.
52
What are sex hormones?
A group of hormones that include androgens and estrogens.
53
What are major areas/structures of the brain? (9)
Brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebrum, and cerebral cortex.
54
What is the Brain Stem?
Medulla, Pons, and Reticular Activating System (RAS).
55
What is the Medulla?
A part of the Brain Stem that is responsible for automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
56
What are Pons?
A part of the Brain Stem that is involved in sleeping, waking, and dreaming.
57
What is the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?
A part of the Brain Stem that extends outwards, arousing the cortex and screening incoming information.
58
What is the Cerebellum?
A part of the brain that regulates movement and balance, involved in learning of certain kinds of simple skills and acquired reflexes. Has a role in complex cognitive tasks (e.g. problem solving).
59
What is the Thalamus?
A brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex.
Includes all sensory messaged except those from olfactory bulb.
60
What is the Hypothalamus?
A part of the brain involved in emotions and drives vital to survival, such as fear, hunger, thirst, and reproduction; regulates autonomic nervous system.
61
What is the Pituitary Gland?
An endocrine gland at the base of the brain that released many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands.
62
What is involved in the Limbic System?
The amygdala and the hippocampus.
63
What is the Amygdala?
Part of the Limbic System, involved in arousal and regulation of emotion; initial emotional response to sensory information.
Initial emotional response to sensory information; affected by PTSD.
64
What is the Hippocampus?
Part of the Limbic System, involved in the storage of new information in memory.
Important roles of images of spatial environment.
65
What is the Cerebrum?
The largest brain structure, divided into two cerebral hemispheres that are connected by the corpus callosum. The hemispheres are specialized for certain tasks (lateralization). It contains layers of densely packed cells called cerebral cortex (divided into lobes).
66
What is the Cerebral Cortex divided into?
Frontal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, and Temporal Lobe.
67
What does the Occipital Lobe do?
Includes visual cortex, is involved in the visual sense.
68
What is the Frontal Lobe involved in?
The motor cortex and Broca's area (left), it's involved in emotion, planning, creative thinking. Memory, movement, speech, and language.
69
What is the Parietal Lobe involved in?
It includes the somatosensory cortex (pressure, pain, touch, temperature), the homunculus, attention and mental operations. The sense of touch and body awareness.
70
What is the Temporal Lobe involved in?
Includes the auditory cortex and Wernicke's area (left), involved in memory, perception, and emotion. Speech, hearing, some visual system processing.
71
Who was Phineas Gage?
Construction foreman. An 1848 explosion forced a steel tamping rod through his head, causing his personality/behaviour to change.
72
What is the Lesion Method?
A way of studying the brain that involves damaging or removing a section of the brain in animals and then observing the effects.
73
What types of imaging techniques are there for mapping the brain?
Computerized Tomography (CT).
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) [Functional MROI (fMRI)].
74
What is Computerized Tomography?
The use of x-ray technology to provide structural information about the brain and ventricles in the brain. It was developed in 1972 by Hounsfield and Cormack and originally was just a 2D image of the brain, but now includes 3D imaging.
75
Who developed CT scans?
Hounsfield and Cormack.
76
What is Positron Emission Tomography?
The use of radioactive substances to observe brain activity.
77
What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging?
A method of tapping into the bodies natural magnetic properties (found in hydrogen nuclei in our body) to produce brain images.
78
What is a Functional MRI?
Diffuse Optical Tomography using near-infrared spectrography.
79
What is involved in recording brain activity?
The recording of electrical and magnetic output from the brain.
80
What are ways to record the brain?
Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
81
What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?
"A record of the brain, involving electrons"
A measure of brainwave activity; the electrical patterns created by the rhythmic firing of the neurons in the brain. Created by Hans Berger, 1924.
82
Who created EEGs?
Hans Berger, 1924.
83
What is Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
A method used for treatments of depression and anxiety, a powerful magnetic field is placed on a person that works to stimulate cell activity.
84
What does "Hemispheric Specialization" mean?
That the left and right brain hemispheres are specialized toward specific tasks.
85
What does the left hemisphere special in?
Speech processing and language.
86
What does the right hemisphere specialize in?
Creative tasks, spatial tasks, and musical tasks.
87
What does Lateralization refer to?
Lateralization refers to the localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other.
88
What is a Hemispherectomy?
"The cutting out of a hemisphere"
| The removal of parts of the cerebral cortex of one hemisphere. It can be a radical treatment for seizure disorders.
89
What is Rasmussen's Syndrome?
Seizure's that occur in one hemisphere of the brain; hemispherectomy is the most effective treatment.
90
What is "The Split Brain"?
When the pathways connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres are severed.
91
What research did Bogen accomplish?
Split Brain research; 16 patients. No change in personality, intelligence, or speech. They did experience odd behaviours, such as "alien hand". The left and right side of the body were no longer communicating with each other.
92
What were the role of prenatal androgens in the development of lateralization?
Prenatal androgens are sex hormones from prenatal development. The Galaburda-Gashwind model states that prenatal androgens play a role in the lateralization of language and visual spatial skills, such as Lust stimulating Testosterone. Higher testosterone in girls led to more lateralization in left hemisphere of language processing.
93
What are the implications of hemispheric asymmetry for behaviour?
Dominant hand-use (handedness), language skills, and hemisphere lateralization.
94
What happens when the Wernicke's area is damaged?
Wernicke's area is important for speech (found in Temporal Lobe) and when damage occurs speech occurs and a normal pace but makes no sense, and the person is unaware.
95
What happens when the Broca's area is damaged?
Broca's area is responsible for our production of speech, and Broca's aphasia is when there is damage to this area. Speech is slow and difficult to understand, and the individual is aware something is wrong.
