Chapter 4: Consciousness

Question 1

sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings, personal unity

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

the focus of one’s consciousness on a particular stimulus

Answer 2

Selective attention

Question 3

knowledge of one’s own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs

Answer 3

Direct inner awareness

Question 3

in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one’s attention

Answer 3

Preconscious

Question 4

in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness; also: without consciousness

Answer 4

Unconscious

Question 4

the deliberate, or conscious, placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness

Answer 4

Suppression

Question 4

in psychodynamic theory, the automatic (unconscious) ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas, impulses, or images from awareness

Answer 4

Repression

Question 5

descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we cannot become conscious; we may “recognize” that our hair is growing, but we cannot directly experience the biological process

Answer 5

Nonconscious

Question 5

a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth’s rotation

Answer 5

circadian rhythm

Question 6

rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation

Answer 6

Alpha waves

Question 7

the first four stages of sleep

Answer 7

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

Question 8

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming

Answer 8

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Question 9

slow brain waves produced during the hypnagogic state

Answer 9

theta waves

Question 10

strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep

Answer 10

delta waves

Question 11

the view that the content of dreams tends to be consistent with previous cognitive activity

Answer 11

continuity hypothesis

Question 12

the view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern

Answer 12

activation–synthesis model

Question 13

frightening, dream-like experiences that occur during the deepest stage of NREM sleep; nightmares, in contrast, occur during REM sleep

Answer 13

sleep terrors

Question 13

an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance

Answer 13

hypnosis

Question 13

a theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person’s ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized

Answer 13

role theory

Question 14

the view that response expectancies play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by the hypnotist

Answer 14

response set theory

Question 14

the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and used as a method for coping with stress

Answer 14

Transcendental meditation

Question 15

a form of meditation that provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than ruminate about problems

Answer 15

mindfulness meditation (MM)

Question 16

the systematic feeding information back to an organism about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function

Answer 16

biofeedback training (BFT)

Question 17

an instrument that measures muscle tension

Answer 17

electromyograph (EMG)

Question 18

drugs that have psychological effects such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions

Answer 18

psychoactive substances

Question 18

a drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system

Answer 18

depressant

Question 19

a drug that increases activity of the nervous system

Answer 19

stimulant

Question 20

a problem characterized by loss of control over usage, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

Answer 20

substance use disorder

Question 21

habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects

Answer 21

tolerance

Question 22

a characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from sudden decease in an addictive drug’s level of usage

Answer 22

abstinence syndrome

Question 23

a group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system

Answer 23

opiates

Question 24

drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep; the term is usually reserved for opiates

Answer 24

narcotics

Question 25

chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from the opium poppy

Answer 25

opioids

Question 26

an addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep

Answer 26

barbiturate

Question 26

stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta phenylethylamine, a colorless liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Answer 26

amphetamines

Question 27

chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon

Answer 27

hydrocarbons

Question 28

smoke from the tobacco products and exhalations of other people; also referred to as passive smoking

Answer 28

secondhand-smoke

Question 29

a substance that causes hallucinations

Answer 29

hallucinogenics

Question 29

the dried vegetable matter of the Cannabis sativa plant

Answer 29

marijuana

Question 30

distorted perceptions or hallucinations that occur days or weeks after LSD usage but mimic the LSD experience

Answer 30

flashbacks

Question 30

lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogen

Answer 30

LSD

Question 31

a hallucinogen derived from the mescal (peyote) cactus

Answer 31

mescaline