CHAPTER 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
referring to people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the same gender
Homosexual
One’s psychological sense of being female, male, or somewhere in between
Gender Identity
not behaving in a way that is consistent with the gender-role stereotype associated with one’s sex in a given culture
Gender Nonconformity
It is a feeling state which has physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. It is associated with the arousal of the autonomic nervous system.
Emotions
Theories of emotion
- James-Lange Theory
- Cannon-Bard Theory
- Theory of Cognitive Appraisal
suggests that our emotions result from our interpretations of our physiological responses to stimuli. In other words, an individual experiences a physiological response (like a racing heart upon seeing a snake) and then identifies the emotion (fear) based on the physiological response.
James-Lange Theory
emotions and physical reactions happen together when we experience something. This theory suggests that our brain causes both the body’s response (like getting energized or moving) and feeling emotions when we perceive something.
Cannon-Bard Theory
This theory suggests that our emotions are shaped by how we interpret situations. Even though our body reactions might be similar for different emotions, how we describe those feelings depends on what we think about what’s happening around us.
Theory of Cognitive Appraisal
The state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something
Motivation
A hypothetical state within an organism that propels the organism towards a goal; it may take in the form of needs, drives, and incentives which are inferred from behavior.
Motive
a
condition of arousal in an organism associated with needs.
Drive
An object, person, or situation perceived as capable of satisfying a need or as desirable for its own sake
Incentive
An inherited disposition to
activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals. Found in particular species and are genetically transmitted from generation to generation.
Instinct
They asserted that humans have instincts that foster survival and social behavior i.e. sympathy, love, modesty, hunger, sex, and self-assertion.
William James (1890) and William McDougall (1908)
Sigmund Freud believed tension motivates us to behave in ways to restore us to a resting state. Organisms learn to engage in behaviors that have the e ect of reducing drives
Drive-Reductionism and Homeostasis
Hunger, thirst, and pain trigger that activates behavior.
Primary Drive
Drives that are gained through experience (drives for social approval & a liation)
Acquired Drive
The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.
Homeostasis
He believed that people are also motivated by a conscious desire for personal growth
Abraham Maslow
suggests they see people as natural scientists who strive to understand the world so that they can predict and control events. Therefore, people try to eliminate inconsistencies—or, as we saw in the case of the Seekers at the beginning of the chapter—discrepancies in information so that their ability to make sense of the world
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
People are generally motivated
to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their own behavior.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The state of being satisfied/fullness
Satiety
Stomach contractions
Hunger Pangs
a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center
Ventromedial Nucleus
