Chapter 4: Continuation... Flashcards
What is arousal?
A physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness/ excitement varying from deep sleep to intense excitement
What does the inverted U-theory explain?
. As arousal increases, so does performance
. Up to the optimal/perfect level.
. If arousal increases any further, performance will decrease
- Fine/precise movements involving accuracy require a low optimal level of arousal
- Gross/skills requiring power, strength and/or large muscle movements require a high level of arousal
What are the methods to control arousal?
Deep breathing (physical/somatic)
Mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery (mental/cognitive)
Positive self-talk (mental/cognitive)
What is deep breathing?
A physical/somatic technique which involves the performer exaggerating their breaths in and out
What is mental rehearsal?
A mental technique involving the performer picturing themselves performing the skill perfectly before attempting it. This mental/cognitive relaxation technique involves control of mental thoughts and imagining positive outcomes
What is self talk?
A mental/cognitive technique whereby the performer talks to him/herself in their head to reassure themselves
What is aggression?
A deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, which can be physical or mental
What is direct aggression?
When there is actual physical contact between performers.
The ‘aggressor’ uses physical contact to directly and deliberately inflict harm upon their opponent
. e.g. high rugby tackle with force
judo performer throwing their opponent illegally and with excessive force
What is indirect aggression?
Does not involve physical contact. The aggressive act is taken out on an object to gain an advantage over an opponent. they do not physically harm or injure, and the act may be within the rules of the sport. The ‘harm’ as such is usually mental harm, which makes the opponent(s) feel less confident or worried
e.g. smashing a badminton shuttle very hard to win a point, but also harming the opponent’s confidence
hitting a volley with power in tennis to win the point and lower opponents’ confidence
Who/what are extroverts?
Personality type characterised by being sociable, active, talkative, and outgoing, usually associated with team sports players
. Concentration is low
. Gross skills are used
. High arousal required
Who/what are introverts?
Personality type characterised by being quiet, passive, reserved and shy - usually associated with individual sports performance
. concentration/precision (fine skills)
. low arousal is required
What is motivation?
The drive to succeed or the desire (want) to achieve something
What is intrinsic motivation?
The drive that comes from within the performer
The reward of a feeling of pride, self-satisfaction or general achievement
What is extrinsic motivation?
The drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve a reward (tangible or intangible).
Tangible rewards, such as certificates, trophies, medals
Intangible rewards, such as praise or feedback from others, applause from the crowd
Why is intrinsic motivation deemed more effective than extrinsic motivation?
. Performers can become too reliant on extrinsic motivation. They only play for the reward/prize/money
. Intrinsic motivation is more likely to lead to continued effort and participation; that is, a performer who is playing for pride is more likely to keep persisting and continue participating over a while.
. The overuse of extrinsic can undermine the strength of intrinsic. In other words, if too many rewards are on offer, it may cause performers to forget why they were playing in the first place, that is, for the love of the game.
It is normally used hand in hand
