Chapter 4: Culture and Religion in Eurasia/North Africa

Question 1

In about what period was there a “great emergence of durable cultural traditions that have shaped the world ever sense”

Answer 1

500 B.C.E

Question 2

Who were the two important figures in China

Answer 2

Confucius and Laozi (Daoism)

Question 3

Who was an important figure in India

Answer 3

Siddhartha Gautama (set Buddhism in motion)

Question 4

Who were the important figures in the Middle East

Answer 4

Zarathustra (Zoroaster), Muhammad, Jesus, and prophets such as Isaiah (Judaism)

Question 5

What were Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, et al.?

Answer 5

Important Greek thinkers for rational humanism

Question 6

What were belief systems on a “quest” for

Answer 6

a source of order and meaning in the universe and a guide for humanity

Question 7

Why is it believed these changes in religion happened

Answer 7

major social changes such as the iron-age, emergence of new states, and more global contact

Question 8

What was the age of warring states

Answer 8

China breaking into chaos and warring states

Question 9

What 3 belief systems came out of the warring states

Answer 9

Legalism, Confucianism, and Daosim

Question 10

What was the goal of the belief systems which came out during the age of warring states

Answer 10

to bring order

Question 11

How were Zoroastrianism and Judaism different from most religions of the time

Answer 11

they believe in one god (monotheistic), idea of final judgement, and belief in the coming of a messiah

Question 12

What similarities did Buddhism and Christianity share

Answer 12

both had main teachers who were “wisdom teachers” who challenged conventional ideas and taught compassion and morality

Question 13

What is the collection of Confucius’ teachings called

Answer 13

the Analects

Question 14

How does Legalism work

Answer 14

strict laws, harsh punishment

Question 15

What does Confucianism teach

Answer 15

a hierarchy of role models for people to look up to and guides on ideal order for people

Question 16

Confucian virtues of ideal men were in what concepts

Answer 16

wen and wu

Question 17

What is wen (Confucianism)

Answer 17

refined qualities of rationality, scholarship, and literary and artistic abilities

Question 18

What is wu (Confucianism)

Answer 18

physical and martial male achievements

Question 19

What was more superior, wen or wu?

Answer 19

wen

Question 20

Was confucianism religious?

Answer 20

No, it was secular but made religious by some

Question 21

Who is Daoism associated with

Answer 21

Laozi

Question 22

What was Laozi the author of

Answer 22

Daodejing

Question 23

What was the central concept of Daoism

Answer 23

Natural Order

Question 24

How was Daosim (in many ways) the opposite of Confucianism

Answer 24

education and striving for improvement was artificial and useless, sufficient living, and it urged withdrawal into the natural world

Question 25

What was the dao

Answer 25

the way of nature

Question 26

Who was Hinduism's founder

Answer 26

Hinduism had no historical founder

Question 27

Hinduism developed along what

Answer 27

Indian civilization

Question 28

What is the Vedas

Answer 28

a Hindu text of poems, hymns, rituals, and prayer compiled by brahmins (Hindu preist)

Question 29

Was the Vedas oral or written

Answer 29

for a while it was transmitted orally until it was written in Sanskrit in 1500-600 B.C.E

Question 30

What was developed in response to dissatisfaction with the brahmins

Answer 30

the Upanishads (mystical, philosophical works)

Question 31

What is samsara (in Hinduism)

Answer 31

reincarnation

Question 32

What governs samsara

Answer 32

karma

Question 33

What is atman (in Hinduism)

Answer 33

the individual human soul

Question 34

What religion expressed India' s gender system

Answer 34

Hinduism

Question 35

In what religion is sexual pleasure a legitimate goal for men and women (lol)

Answer 35

Hinudism

Question 36

What gender were most Hindu deities

Answer 36

female

Question 37

What religion did Buddhism develop side by side with

Answer 37

Hinduism

Question 38

What is Buddha's real name

Answer 38

Siddhartha Gautama

Question 39

What made Siddhartha Gautama the Buddha

Answer 39

his "enlightenment"

Question 40

What is the central Buddhist teaching

Answer 40

life is suffering

Question 41

What is the goal of Buddhism

Answer 41

to reach enlightenment, nirvana

Question 42

What did Buddhism have large elements of

Answer 42

Hindu teaching

Question 43

What are some elements that Hinduism and Buddhism have in commonl

Answer 43

life as an illusion, karma, rebirth, meditation, and hope for release from the cycle of rebirth

Question 44

In India, who did Buddhism appeal to

Answer 44

lower castes (classes) and women

Question 45

Where did the notion of a single supreme Deity develop

Answer 45

Zoroastrianism nad Judaism

Question 46

Who is the god of Zoroastrianism

Answer 46

Azura Mazda

Question 47

Who is the source of evil in Zoroastrianism

Answer 47

Angra Mainyu

Question 48

What do Zoroastrians believe will happen on judgement day

Answer 48

restoration of the world to purity and peace

Question 49

What caused the final decline of Zoroastrianism in Persia

Answer 49

arrival of Islam

Question 50

Where did Judaism develop

Answer 50

among the Hebrews

Question 51

What do the Jews believe is a covenant

Answer 51

a relationship with Yahweh (God)

Question 52

What did Judaism provide a foundation for

Answer 52

Christianity and Islam

Question 53

What was the Greek way of knowing

Answer 53

constant questioning and rational thinking

Question 54

What were the differences between Buddhism and Christianity

Answer 54

Siddhartha Gautama grew up royal while Jesus came from a poor family, Jesus' teachings were less political, Jesus was active for only ~3 years, and Jesus was executed unlike Buddha. and Christianity was Monotheistic

Question 55

How did the Roman Empire use Christianity

Answer 55

like a "social glue"

Question 56

After the Roman Empire turned monotheistic did it return to it's older polytheism

Answer 56

no

Question 57

What did Buddhists clash over

Answer 57

interpretation of the Buddha's teachings

Question 58

What are the Upanishads

Answer 58

mystical, philosophical works which probe the inner meaning of Vedic rituals