Chapter 7: Culture and Commerce

Question 1

What was one of the world’s most extensive and sustained networks of exchange

Answer 1

Silk Road

Question 2

What did the Silk Road provide to Eurasia

Answer 2

unity and cohearance

Question 3

What was the ecology of outer Eurasia

Answer 3

relatively warm and well watered (ex. China, Middle East, India, Mediterranean)

Question 4

What was the ecology of inner Eurasia

Answer 4

harsher and drier climate, much of which is pastoral (eastern Russia, Central Asia)

Question 5

What did states in the last 5 centuries B.C.E. and second wave civilizations attempt to control

Answer 5

pastoral peoples

Question 6

What benefits did large states provide for trade networks

Answer 6

security for trade

Question 7

What helped secure trade networks

Answer 7

large states

Question 8

Why were luxury goods the main transport on the Silk Road

Answer 8

Because of high transport costs

Question 9

What symbolized the Eurasian exchange system

Answer 9

silk

Question 10

Who was first to have a monopoly on silk

Answer 10

China

Question 11

What was used as currency in Central Asia

Answer 11

silk

Question 12

What was known as a symbol of high status

Answer 12

silk

Question 13

While silk road trade volume was ____, it was of economic and social importance

Answer 13

small

Question 14

Who made market goods in China instead of crops

Answer 14

peasants in the Yangzi River delta of southern China

Question 15

What was more important than the exchange of goods on the silk road

Answer 15

the exchange of cultures

Question 16

How did Buddhism spread

Answer 16

through silk roads through Central and East Asia

Question 17

Where was voluntary Buddhist conversion heavy

Answer 17

the oasis cities of Central Asia

Question 18

Where did cities become centers of learning and commerce

Answer 18

In Central Asia

Question 19

Where were characteristic disease patterns and ways to deal with them developed

Answer 19

In the major population centers of Afro-Eurasia

Question 20

How did unfamiliar diseases spread

Answer 20

through long distance trade

Question 21

How did the Black Death spread

Answer 21

the Mongol’s unification of much of Eurasia spreading diseases from far

Question 22

Where did the Black Death kill many

Answer 22

Europe, China, the Islamic world, and the Central Asia steppes

Question 23

What helped Europeans when they reached the Western Hemisphere after 1500

Answer 23

disease exchange

Question 24

What was the most important sea road network until 1500

Answer 24

The Indian Ocean network

Question 25

What was an avenue for commerce for and since the Phoenicians

Answer 25

The Mediterranean Ocean

Question 26

What did the Mediterranean connect Europe to

Answer 26

the much greater trade in the Indian Ocean

Question 27

Where was transportation cheaper

Answer 27

by sea

Question 28

What made transportation of bulk goods possible

Answer 28

sea roads

Question 29

What was discovered about wind which helped commerce by sea

Answer 29

monsoons

Question 30

Was commerce between states or towns

Answer 30

towns

Question 31

When did Indian Ocean trade start

Answer 31

in the age of the First Civilizations

Question 32

What increased the tempo of sea commerce in the early centuries C.E.

Answer 32

knowledge of monsoons

Question 33

Where was the main point of trade

Answer 33

India

Question 34

What two things encouraged Indian Ocean trade

Answer 34

the economic and political revival of China and the rise of Islam in the 7th century

Question 35

How did ocean commerce effect/transform Southeast Asia and East Africa

Answer 35

stimulation of political change and introduction of foreign religious ideas

Question 36

What did Southeast Asia do to benefit from their strategic trade location

Answer 36

opening an all sea trade route in the Straits of Malacca (Malaysia) and made ports

Question 37

What Malay kingdom emerged form competition and dominated trade from 670 to 1025 C.E.

Answer 37

Srivijaya

Question 38

What provided Srivijaya with resources to create state

Answer 38

gold, access to spices, and taxes on ships

Question 39

Where did elements of Indian culture (such as alphabets, art forms, political and religious ideas, and especially Buddhism) spread

Answer 39

Southeast Asia and the Sailendras Kingdom (in Central Java)

Question 40

Where did elements of Chinese culture spread

Answer 40

Vietnam

Question 41

Other than Buddhism what other Dharmic religion spread to Southeast Asia (especially in Champas and Angkor)

Answer 41

Hinduism

Question 42

What Abrahamic religion later penetrated Southeast Asia

Answer 42

Islam

Question 43

What civilization developed from a blend of Bantu and commercial life in the Indian Ocean (also developing Islamic beliefs)

Answer 43

the Swahili civilization (of East Africa)

Question 44

What were East African products

Answer 44

gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, slaves, iron, and wood products

Question 45

How did the Swahili civilization do on the East African coast

Answer 45

they flourished

Question 46

How was the Swahili civilization governed

Answer 46

the urban cities were politically independent and were individually ruled by a king

Question 47

Where did Swahili craft travel

Answer 47

along coastal waterways

Question 48

How much did Swahili civilization participate in Indian Ocean trade

Answer 48

they had deep participation

Question 49

What did Swahili language take many elements from

Answer 49

Arabic

Question 50

Who visited the Swahili civilizations mostly

Answer 50

Arab, Persian, and Indian merchants

Question 51

Where did much of the gold of East Africa come from

Answer 51

Great Zimbabwe

Question 52

What was the biggest Sea Road trade route

Answer 52

The Indian Ocean trade network

Question 53

Where did Sand Roads start

Answer 53

West Africa

Question 54

What was trans-African trade based on

Answer 54

environmental variation

Question 55

Where in Africa was there copper, salt deposits, and dates which were sold in the trans-African trade

Answer 55

in the Sahara

Question 56

During the trans-African trade what did agricultural people farther south make and sell

Answer 56

crops, textiles, and mined gold

Question 57

Where did the Swahili civilization trade other than the Indian Ocean to get goods such as gold

Answer 57

they traded with the interior parts of Africa

Question 58

Where was the earliest trade in the Sahara region

Answer 58

agricultural peoples in Sudan

Question 59

What happened to towns along the Sand Roads

Answer 59

They urbanized

Question 60

What was the most famous Sudanese urban cluster

Answer 60

Jenne-jeno

Question 61

What was a turning point in Sand Road trade for West Africa

Answer 61

camels

Question 62

What did camels allow people to do

Answer 62

it made it possible to cross the Sahara

Question 63

What did Saharan merchants especially want from West Africa

Answer 63

gold

Question 64

Other than gold what did West Africa also have that was popular among merchants

Answer 64

Ivory, kola nuts, and slaves

Question 65

What did trade encourage near the Saharan trade routes

Answer 65

new and larger political structures

Question 66

What did the new and larger political structures at the Sahara trade roads all have a reputation for

Answer 66

a reputation for great riches and a monarchal rule

Question 67

Where did most slaves in West Africa come from

Answer 67

societies which were raided farther south

Question 68

What was the main religion which spread along the Sand Roads, their civilizations, as well as the Swahili civilizations

Answer 68

Islam

Question 69

Was there interaction between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres

Answer 69

Not until the voyages of Columbus

Question 70

What were the important limitations in the Americas which didn't allow them to have such dense trade routes as Afro-Eurasia

Answer 70

lack of domesticated animals, large oceangoing ships, wheeled vehicles, and environmental obstacles (such as the Americas being in a north/south orientation)

Question 71

What type of commerce flourished in the Americas

Answer 71

local and regional commerce

Question 72

Since the Americas didn't have long distance trade, what did this mean for the spread of culture

Answer 72

it wasn't spread as widely

Question 73

Where did a "loosely interactive web" exist in the Americas between civilizations

Answer 73

from the Great Lakes to the Andes

Question 74

How fast did culture spread between the Great Lakes and Andes

Answer 74

gradually

Question 75

Where were the two major trade routes of the Americas located

Answer 75

Mesoamerica and the Andes

Question 76

How was the Andes trade network run

Answer 76

it was largely state run

Question 77

Who traded in the Mesoamerican trade network

Answer 77

The Mayans, Teotihuacán, Aztecs, and Chaco canyon culture

Question 78

What are the differences between the interconnections of the modern era and the premodern networks

Answer 78

most people still produced for their own consumption, smaller range of goods exchanged, fewer wageworkers, trade was in luxury goods, circuits of commerce were more limited, and had no single center

Question 79

What is different between the world of third wave civilizations and the modern era

Answer 79

the world of third wave civilizations was more balanced and multi centered

Question 80

What was traded in the Sea Roads

Answer 80

bulk goods such as textiles, spices, wheat, sugar, etc.