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World History I Honors > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the collapse of the Han dynasty lead to

A

300 years of political fragmentation

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2
Q

Where did the Chinese migrate after the collapse of the Han

A

southward to the Yangzi river valley

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3
Q

Who extended the Chinese canal systems vastly and started the golden age

A

the Sui dynasty

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4
Q

What exhausted the Sui’s state resources

A

their ruthlessness and failure to conquer Korea

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5
Q

What two dynasties were built on Sui foundations

A

The Tang and Song

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6
Q

What did the Tang and Song create in their governments

A

six major ministries and a Censorate

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7
Q

What did the Censorate deal with

A

surveillance over the government to ensure order

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8
Q

What Tang and Song policy led to the proliferation of schools and colleges

A

the revision of the exam system

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9
Q

What happened in the Song dynasty that contributed to it’s prosperity and to the golden age

A

an economic revolution

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10
Q

What contributed to Song prosperity

A

rapid population growth, improvement in agricultural production, urbanization, great network of internal waterways, improvements in industrial production, inventions of gunpowder and printers, and superior shipbuilding and navigational tech

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11
Q

What was most production in China for

A

the market rather than local consumption

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12
Q

What type of money starting growing in China

A

paper money

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13
Q

Although it was the golden age what inequality was worse than before in the Song and Tang

A

gender hierarchy

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14
Q

Which women had more freedoms in the Tang

A

elite in the north

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15
Q

What were the purposes of foot binding

A

restriction of women and association with female beauty and eroticism

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16
Q

What were women’s traditional role in the industry before large scale production displaced them in the Tang and Song

A

textile production

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17
Q

What jobs did elite prosperity create demand for

A

concubines, entertainers,
courtesans, and prostitutes

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18
Q

In what ways were the position of women improved

A

property rights were expanded and women were more educated

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19
Q

With who was China’s more enduring interaction

A

the northern nomads

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20
Q

What did pastoral societies need from China

A

grain and other farm products

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21
Q

What did pastoral society leaders want from China

A

manufactured and luxury goods

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22
Q

What was a constant factor in Chinese history from the steppe people

A

intrusion and pressure

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23
Q

Why did the nomads feel threatened by the Chinese

A

Chinese military attacks on the steppes and the Great Wall

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24
Q

Why did the Chinese need the nomads

A

steppes provided horses and other goods and they controlled much of the silk road

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25
What did the Chinese understand themselves as
the center of the world
26
What was established to manage relations with non-Chinese peoples
the tribute system
27
What did the tribute system require
non-Chinese authorities must acknowledge Chinese superiority (through a series of bows named kowtow) and present a tribute to the emperor
28
What did a non-Chinese person gain from the tribute system
he would receive trading privileges and “bestowals” in return (often worth more than the tribute)
29
What problems were presented with the tribute system
strong nomadic states would simply extort China
30
What states extorted China
Xiongnu confederacy (established around 200 B.C.E.) and other Turkic empires of Mongolia
31
Although steppe nomads usually did not want to conquer and rule China, where did several nomadic states invade
Northern China
32
Which nomads adopted Chinese ways
nomads who ruled parts of China
33
What did interaction between the nomads and Chinese take the form of
trade, military conflict, negotiations, extortion, and some cultural influence
34
Where in China did steppe culture influence
Northern China
35
What was special about the ethnicities of the founders of the Tang and Song
they were mixed Chinese and steppe nomad
36
What was a fad among elites in the Tang dynasty that came from outside influence
anything connected to “western barbarians”
37
Other than the nomads what civilizations regions did China have tributary relationships with
Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
38
What kind of Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese societies did China have tributary relationships with
agricultural, sedentary societies
39
How did interaction between China and Korea start
With Han conquests of Northern Korea and some colonization
40
How were the relationships between the Korean states
they were rivals
41
What did the Korean states resist
Chinese political control
42
Which Korean kingdom allied with the Tang dynasty to create some political unity with China
The Silla Kingdom
43
Under what dynasties did Korea generally maintain political independence
Silla (688–900), Koryo (918–1392), and Yi (1392–1910)
44
What did Korea try to replicate from the Chinese
court life and administration
45
What was the Korean capital city Kumsong modeled after
the Chinese capital Chang'an
46
What parts of Chinese culture did Korea accept
luxury goods, scholarship, and religious influence
47
What was Korea's phonetic alphabet called
hangul
48
What happened to Korea's attempt to replicate the Chinese examination system
it didn't gain prominence
49
Did Korea maintain its culture
yes
50
What other region had a similar experience to Korea between them and China
Vietnam
51
Where was Vietnam's cultural heartland
the Red River valley
52
Who controlled the Red River valley from 111 BCE to 939 CE
China
53
What did Vietnam try to replicate from the Chinese
The Chinese approach to government
54
How did the examination system help Vietnam
it helped undermine established aristocrats
55
Which class in Vietnam remained deeply committed to Chinese culture
elite
56
What distinctive parts of Vietnamese culture remained in place
cockfighting, betel nuts, greater roles for women, kept nature goddesses and a female Buddha in popular belief, and developed a variation of Chinese writing (chu nom/southern script)
57
Where did people voluntarily borrow Chinese culture since they were never invaded or conquered
Japan
58
When was the main period of cultural borrowing in Japan
7th–9th centuries C.E., when first unified Japanese state began to emerge
59
What was the creation of a Japanese bureaucratic state modeled on
China
60
What region had large-scale missions to China to learn
Japan
61
Both of these Japanese capitals were modeled after the Chinese capital Chang'an
Nara and Heian
62
What elements of Chinese culture took root in Japan
art, architecture, education, medicine, religious views, and the Chinese writing system
63
How were the Japanese with their borrowing
they were selective
64
Who never created an effective centralized and bureaucratic state
Japan
65
What were the local military forces called
samurai
66
What was the way of the kami (sacred spirits)
Shinto
67
What was Japans writing system mixed with
Chinese characters with phonetic symbols
68
What is tanka (Japan)
highly stylized poetry
69
In Japan which class of women escaped Confucian oppression
elite
70
Did Chinese inventions reach beyond its borders
yes
71
Which region's prosperity stimulated commercial life all over Eurasia
China
72
Which Chinese innovation was resisted by the Islamic world
printing
73
Which Chinese innovations spread beyond its borders
salt, paper, printing, gunpowder, and textile, metallurgical, and naval technologies
74
What did China learn from India
cotton and sugar cultivation and processing
75
What Vietnamese product transformed China
new rice strains
76
What was southern China transformed to instead of subsistence
production for export
77
What was India's most important gift to China which spread through the Silk Road
Buddhism
78
What was China's only large scale cultural borrowing before Marxism
Buddhism
79
To where did Buddhism spread to through China
Korea and Japan
80
What flourished because of the discrediting of Confucianism after the collapse of the Han and was considered comforting
Mahayana Buddhism
81
Who appeared to have access to magical powers
Buddhists
82
What form of Buddhism because popular in China
Mahayana
83
What did the growth of Chinese Buddhism provoke, especially since it was foreign
resistance and criticism
84
How did xenophobia in China possibly start
The An Lushan rebellion (755–763), led by a foreign general
85
After China began direct action against foreign religions in 841–845 how many nuns and monks were forced into secular life
260,000
86
What action did China take against foreign religions
thousands of monasteries, temples, and shrines confiscated or destroyed and Buddhists forbidden to use precious metals or gems for their images
87
What happened to Buddhism after actions were taken against it
It did not vanish from China
88
China's history has often been viewed in the West s impressive but largely static and isolated. What evidence in this chapter might support a counterargument to such claims?
Technological advancements such as paper making and printing and nomadic extortion are examples of how China's history was not static and interaction with non-Chinese through the tribute system as well as the spread of technology along trade routes shows that China was not isolated
89
Why are the centuries of the Tang and Song dynasties in China sometimes referred to as a "golden age"?
renewed unity, canal network which brought economic prosperity, economic revolution, rapid population growth, most urbanized, technological superiority in navigation and shipbuilding, improved agriculture and industrial production, and inventions (such as gunpowder)
90
In what ways did Korea, Vietnam, and Japan develop cultural traditions that differed from Chinese culture?
All had independent languages, Korea didn't win prominence with the examination system, and Chinese culture had little effect on the large slave population, Vietnam had kept language, cockfighting, betel nuts, greater roles for women, and kept nature goddesses and a female Buddha in popular belief, and Japan kept Shinto, kept a decentralized and non-bureaucratic state, and had distinctive literary and art culture

World History I Honors (6 decks)

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