Chapter 4 - Development Over the Lifespan Flashcards

Question

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Answer 1

Cognitive, behavioural, and physical deficits caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol

Answer 2

Disorder within the spectrum involving a cluster of SEVERE DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES - Abnormal facial features, underdeveloped brains - intellectual disability, attentional and perceptual deficits, impulsivity, and poor social skills

Answer 3

That the newborn’s world is a “buzzing, blooming confusion” – They are passive, disorganized, and have an empty mind. - This view is NO LONGER VALID, given our knowledge of prenatal sensory-motor development; the tactile, auditory, and chemical perceptual systems have been stimulated and are operating at birth.

Answer 4

Visual system is POORLY DEVELOPED at birth. ● VERY NEARSIGHTED: 20/800 at birth (40 times worse than normal adult acuity of 20/20) ● Gets BETTER PROGRESSIVELY (20/100 by 6 months) ● Can focus on an object 20-40 cm away

Answer 5

Measures how long infant looks at a stimulus * Newborns look longer at stimuli THEY FIND INTERESTING – Determine when ‘detail’ becomes interesting

Answer 6

Can see few colours as newborns, perceive full range of colours by 3 MONTHS – Prefer patterned stimuli – Prefer mother’s face

Answer 7

Tactile, auditory, & olfactory senses operating at birth * Orient to significant stimuli - Will orient towards source of sounds, tactile stimuli, odours - Most importantly, towards their MOTHER'S FACE, voice, and smell, optimizing their access to food, warmth, and social stimulation

Answer 8

Ability to localize sounds - U-shaped function, disappears at 4 months, reappears at 6 months

Answer 9

Ability to detect changes in speech sounds (by 2 months age) - Exceeds that of an adult, disappears by 1 year of age (as they become native speakers of their own language)

Answer 10

Shows similar responses to consonant & dissonant patterns as adults - Can remember short melodies

Answer 11

New stimulus presented (over and over again until the infant is habituated to it) – Looking time declines 50% * Recognize familiar faces * Discriminate different speech sounds (orient toward the stimulus longer)

Answer 12

Acquire classically conditioned responses * Learn that they can “make things happen”

Answer 13

Imitate adult facial expressions - helps infants recognize people and engage with them - 1 day old

Answer 14

Genetically programmed biological process that governs our growth - our bodies, brain and motor skills develop

Answer 15

Development is from head to foot - head develops before the torso, torso develops before legs, so on

Answer 16

Development is from innermost to outer - shoulder before arms, arms develop before hands and fingers

Answer 17

Weighs 25% of adult brain * 50% by 6 months * Cells become larger and neural networks form

Answer 18

* First → brainstem (basic survival functions) * Last → associative areas of cortex (decision making, reasoning)

Answer 19

* 5 years = 90% of adult size * New synapses form, unnecessary synapses are pruned back

Answer 20

Age of acquiring skill differs, but the sequence is the same - Some have U-shaped function → stepping reflex (involuntary stepping movement when placing their feet on a surface)

Answer 21

- Diet (consistent breast feeding - cognitive development) - Enriched environments: interaction with people, access to toys… (helps them to thrive) - Physical touch (develop physically and neurologically)

Answer 22

Visual deprivation can permanently damage visual abilities

Answer 23

- Biology sets LIMITS on environmental influences - Environmental influences can be POWERFUL (nurturing environments should not be underestimated) - Biological & environmental factors INTERACT with each other

Answer 24

Understanding the way how children answer questions * Natural-born “scientists”

Answer 25

Brain builds schemas to achieve understanding

Answer 26

A concept or framework that the child is using to understand a particular experience - concepts we use to understand the world

Answer 27

New experiences incorporated into existing schemas - see a dog, identify it as a dog. Horse is a dog (schema at infancy) - Piaget

Answer 28

New experiences cause existing schemas to change - learn and develop

Answer 29

Understand world through SENSORY EXPERIENCES & PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS with objects – Birth to 2 YEARS – Begin to acquire language - Object Permenance

Answer 30

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be seen – Babies do not develop this until bout 8 months – Peekaboo!

Answer 31

– Ages 2-7 – World represented SYMBOLICALLY through WORDS and MENTAL IMAGES, which also enables pretend play – Child does not understand conservation – Preoperational children’s thinking also reflects egocentrism

Answer 32

The object's mass, quantity or volume does not change, although their outward appearance may change

Answer 33

Difficulty in taking someone else’s perspective - not understanding that people have different mental states

Answer 34

– Ages 7-12 – Easily perform basic mental operations involving tangible problems and situations about the PHYSICAL WORLD – Understanding cause-and-effects – Children can understand conservation and perspective taking – Have difficulty with problems that require ABSTRACT REASONING

Answer 35

– Develops around 11 or 12 – Think logically about CONCRETE & ABSTRACT PROBLEMS (and flexibly) – Form & test hypotheses

Answer 36

Cognitive abilities associated with four stages of develop in same order across cultures

Answer 37

● Children acquire cognitive skills at earlier ages than Piaget believed ● Development within each stage proceeds inconsistently: Does cognitive development consist of distinct stages? ● Culture influences cognitive development: Cognitive development is considered based on interpersonal skill or social intelligence in different cultures. ● Cognitive development is complex and variable: All children may not follow the same developmental path.

Answer 38

A person’s beliefs about the mind and the ability to understand other people’s mental states. On how the mind works and what others are thinking - Lying, deception provide evidence for theory of mind - relates to egocentrism

Answer 39

Social Interaction - relation with the biological maturation of the brain

Answer 40

Difference between what children can do independently & what they can do with assistance (Vygotsky) – Provides insight into cognitive abilities that are in process of maturation – Others can facilitate child’s cognitive development within limits of biological maturation

Answer 41

A continuous, gradual process rather than occurring stage by stage

Answer 42

As information processing abilities gradually become more efficient

Answer 43

- PROCESSING INFORMATION - ATTENTION SPAN and MEMORY

Answer 44

An array of reactions/responses. Emotions reflect our affective states, and could be intense or mild, brief or extended - Emotions can be reflected in behavior, subjective experience or physiological reactions

Answer 45

- 18 months develop SENSE OF SELF Age 2 – Learn RULES & performance standards – Display more COMPLEX EMOTIONS such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, or pride

Answer 46

The processes by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions

Answer 47

Emotional competence (i.e., emotional expressiveness and emotion regulation skills)

Answer 48

Social interaction with their environment

Answer 49

– 8 major psychosocial stages – Various crises are relevant at specific ages – ‘Crisis’ for each stage needs to be resolved - conflict of each age period is different - related to how we see each other in relation toother people and the world - Not conceptualized as the distinct theories in Piaget's theory - A crisis or a conflict can be present at any time, but would have special importance in certain age periods

Answer 50

New Opportunities – Personality is not fixed in childhood – Themes / patterns that emerge early in childhood = important later in life

Answer 51

Age (years) Major Psychosocial Crisis First year: Basic trust vs. basic mistrust (basic needs are met or not) 1-2: Autonomy (desire to experience individuality and for others to notice it) vs. shame and doubt 3-5: Initiative vs. guilt (children are curious about the world. Ask questions about how things work. If curiosity is encouraged, they feel initiative. If punished for curiosity, they feel guilty) 6–12: Industry vs. inferiority (if children feel encouragement for their achievements in their tasks, or receive praise, they develop industry - striving for achievement; repeated failures or discouragements, lack of praise can lead to a feeling of inferiority)

Answer 52

Strong emotional bond between children & primary caregivers

Answer 53

Biologically primed form of attachment

Answer 54

Contact with comfort more important than nourishment in fostering attachment

Answer 55

1. INDISCRIMINATE attachment behaviour (newborns) - anyone to meet their needs 2. DISCRIMINATE attachment behaviour (3 months) - gets familiar with the primary caregiver, expects them to meet their needs 3. SPECIFIC attachment behaviour (7-8 months) - knows their caregiver is secure

Answer 56

Distress over being separated from primary caregiver – Begins at 12-16 months of age and decreases through 2-3 years – Shows similar pattern across cultures

Answer 57

– Mother plays with baby (12-18 months old) - stranger enters – Mother leaves (examines how the baby reacts) – Stranger leaves - baby alone – Mother returns

Answer 58

– Explore & react positively to strangers – Distressed when mother leaves – Happy when mother returns

Answer 59

– FEARFUL when mother present – DEMAND ATTENTION of the mother – DISTRESSED when mother leaves – NOT SOOTHED when she returns

Answer 60

– Show few signs of attachment – Seldom cries when mother leaves – Doesn’t seek contact upon mother’s return

Answer 61

A sensitive period - It is an important component of early social development – Secure infants are better socially adjusted.

Answer 62

Unfavorable environments and prolonged attachment deprivation (e.g. isolation) – Not all in deprived environments at risk resilience. – Placed in nurturing environment at early age leads to improvement in cognitive and social development.

Answer 63

- Warmth vs. hostility (warmth: love and caring, and responds with more empathy towards the child's feelings; Hostility: express rejection and behave as if they do not care for the child) - Restrictiveness vs. permissiveness

Answer 64

– Controlling but warm – Set rules and clearly communicate and enforce them, but also reward children's compliance with warmth and affection. They communicate high expectations. Caring and support – Most positive childhood outcomes

Answer 65

– Exert control but cold, unresponsive, or rejecting – Poorer self-esteem, popularity, school performance

Answer 66

– Warm and caring, but don’t provide guidance and discipline (that helps them learn responsibility and concern for others) – Children immature, self-centered

Answer 67

– Not warm, No rules of guidance – Simply do not care – Most negative developmental outcomes - insecurely attached, low achievement motivation, and disturbing relationships with peers and adults at school, impulsive and aggressive

Answer 68

Develops arounds 2-3 years of age – Some sense of gender becomes part of personal identity

Answer 69

Around 6-7 years, understand gender as something permanent

Answer 70

Involves treating others differently based on whether they are female or male – Certain expectations of expected behaviours, learn them and become ingrained, part of our gender identity – From infancy onward, girls and boys are viewed and treated differently

Answer 71

Through observation and conditioning ● By age 7-8, stereotyped thinking is firmly in place. ● It becomes more flexible in adolescence

Answer 72

Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning – Judgments of ‘right’ & ‘wrong’ based on actual or anticipated PUNISHMENT & REWARD rather than internalized moral values – Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation (should not steal the drug because he would go to jail) – Stage 2: Instrumental/hedonistic orientation (would be gratified and happy)

Answer 73

Level 2: Conventional Reasoning – Moral judgments based on CONFORMITY to EXPECTATIONS of social groups (desire to do good so that others can you as good) – Stage 3: Good child orientation (expected to do so because of his wife) – Stage 4: Law and order orientation (steal the drug, but go to prison because he broke the law)

Answer 74

Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning – Moral judgments based on GENERAL PRINCIPLES; following one’s conscience – Principles have been internalized & are part of person’s value system – Stage 5: Social contract orientation (agreements on general principles that foster overall welfare and individual rights, but also recognition that society can decide to modify laws that lose their utility) – Stage 6: Universal ethical principles (heinz should steal the drug, but should not go to jail)

Answer 75

– Internalizing societal values from parents – Temperament (fearful inhibited children tend to internalize parental values earlier and easier than less fearful children - gentle discipline) – Learning – Attachment – Emotional regulation

Answer 76

– Hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to increase its hormonal secretions – Rapid maturation in which person becomes capable of reproduction – Primary & secondary sex characteristics mature * Menarche & production of sperm occur

Answer 77

– Effects on mood and behaviour – Early maturation generally more positive for boys than for girls – Timing & perception of whether maturation is early or late is important

Answer 78

Overall brain growth is slower than childhood – fMRI techniques -> brain activity is different in children, adolescents, and adults – Increase in areas important for impulse control and abstract thought – Maturation of neural networks – Corpus callosum increases in area by 10%

Answer 79

* Peak of physical, sexual, and perceptual functioning * Maximum muscle strength – In the legs, arms, and other parts of the body is reached at age 25 to 30 * Vision, hearing, reaction time, and coordination – Peak levels in the mid-20s

Answer 80

* Physical status declines at mid-life – Muscles become weaker and stiffer, especially among sedentary people * Visual acuity – declines with age * Basal Metabolic rate - slows after 40 * Efficiency of oxygen consumption decreases – Bones may become brittle – slow to heal

Answer 81

* We do lose brain tissue – Frontal and Parietal lobes show greatest loss * Many changes offset by lifestyle, nutrition, attitude

Answer 82

Brain maturation continues. * Adolescent Egocentrism – OVERESTIMATION of uniqueness of feelings, experiences (personal fable) – OVERSENSITIVITY to social evaluation (imaginary audience)

Answer 83

* Increase in abstract reasoning abilities * More flexible, creative thinking – FORMAL OPERATIONAL THOUGHT – They can use deductive reasoning to solve scientific problems systematically ● The advancing is more slowly than childhood. ● However, their memory becomes more efficient and attention span becomes longer.

Answer 84

* POST-FORMAL OPERATIONAL THINKING – Allows for new and more complex ways people can reason logically about opposing points of view – Accept contradictions and irreconcilable differences

Answer 85

Changes in INFORMATION PROCESSING and memory – see decline but amount varies – Reaction time (Perceptual speed) (starts to increase. Time to respond takes longer) – Memory for new information – Spatial memory (where things are) – Changes to prospective memory – less clear (having difficulty in remembering what they plan to do in the future)

Answer 86

* Crystallized Intelligence – Peak in middle adulthood and then decline * Fluid Intelligence – Begins to decline in early adulthood * Cognitive function – Remain physically and intellectually active * Older but wiser? – Studies suggest wisdom increases with age

Answer 87

No identity crisis yet; uncommitted to a role - teens and adults seemed unconcerned about identity issues - James Marcia

Answer 88

Adopting a role or identity without going through identity crisis - James Marcia

Answer 89

Current identity crisis; not resolved - James Marcia

Answer 90

Gone through identity crisis; successfully resolved - James Marcia

Answer 91

* Parental relationships – Storm & stress = the rule or exception ? – Degree of agreement with parents - depends on issue – Conflict generally low * Conflict – Misconduct – Anti-social behaviour – Hopelessness – Low self-esteem Correlation does not equal Causation

Answer 92

Age (years) Major Psychological Crisis 20–40 Intimacy vs. isolation (ability to open ones self to other people) 40–65 Generativity vs. stagnation (careers, raising children, doing things for others) 65+ Integrity vs. despair (review their lives and look at their meanings. Feel resolved there is integrity; despair if they have not lived their lives in a more fulfilling way)

Answer 93

Adjustment depends on many factors ○ Physical health ○ Leisure interests ○ Financial security ○ Family relationships ○ Is retirement voluntary? People with strong work values miss jobs most

Answer 94

– Approach impending death in many ways – Affected by beliefs and customs – Elderly most accepting of own impending death

Answer 95

– Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance