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Psych 105 > Less Known Terms in Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Less Known Terms in Chapter 5 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Abnormal Behaviour in the Historical Perspectives

A

Abnormal behavior = result of
supernatural forces

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2
Q

Trephination

A

Sharp tool used to cut a hole in the skull,
let the evil spirits out and return to
“normal” behaviour. Kills the person
- historical times

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3
Q

Hippocrates

A
  • Mania
  • Melancholia
  • Phrenitis - mental confusion
    (historical perspective)
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4
Q

Psychopathology

A

Psychological disorder

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5
Q

Social Construct 3 D’s

A
  • Distressing (very intense and very long lasting to the self and to others)
  • Dysfunctional (behaviour is maladaptive to others and to society)
  • Deviant
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6
Q

Abnormal Behaviour

A

behavior that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional , and/or so culturally
deviate that people say it is inappropriate or maladaptive

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7
Q

The Vulnerability-Stress Model
The Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Vulnerability Stressors
(Biological factors, (Low SES
like genetics Environmental
Personality Trauma
factors ) + Loss
=
Psych disorder

Everyone has vulnerability for a disorder, given sufficient stress

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8
Q

The DSM-5

A

Detailed behavior must be present for
diagnosis
- groups disorders based on symptoms

Categorial System (DSM-4)
- people were placed within specific
diagnostic categories - thought to be too specific. Many people did not fit neatly within categories, they did not have each specific symptom

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9
Q

Dimensional System

A

Recognize psych disorders have a spectrum
- people are still experiencing anxiety even in the middle, and can have a diagnosis. Guide for diagnosis, no threshold for diagnosis unlike categorial system

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10
Q

Comorbidity

A

Overlap in psych disorders

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11
Q

p-factor

A

Measure of psychopathy in all
types of disorders
* Associated with more life
impairment
* Stable (high p factor will stay high, low p factor will stay low)

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12
Q

Internalizing Disorder

A
  • Distress and fear (negative emotions)
  • Depression and anxiety
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13
Q

Externalizing Disorder

A
  • Impulsivity and out of control behaviour
  • Alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder
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14
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A
  • Cognitive component
    • Obsessions (repeated unwanted thoughts, images, impulses, really difficult to remove. Increase anxiety, intrusive thoughts)
  • Behavioral component
    • Compulsions (response to these obsessive thoughts, to reduce
      them)
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15
Q

Pure Obsession

A

not everyone engages in compulsive behaviours, just obsessive thoughts

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16
Q

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Biological Factors
    * Genetics
    * GABA (reduces neural activity in the amygdala) & Amygdala & Serotonin
  • Differences in sex or gender
    * Females exhibit more anxiety disorders than males
  • Possible explanations
    * Sex-linked biological disposition
  • Evolutionary Factors
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17
Q

Psychological Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Psychoanalytic Explanations
    * Neurotic Anxiety (displaced to external stimulus, true, underlying internal conflict) the UNCONSCIOUS anxiety
  • Cognitive Explanations
    * Maladaptive thoughts & beliefs
    * Things appraised ‘catastrophically’
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18
Q

Culture Bound disorders

A
  • Koro
  • Taijin kyofushu (people are fearful of offending people with their odor)
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19
Q

Objectification Theory

A

Cultural emphasis on viewing one’s body as object

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20
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Intense fear of being fat
  • Severely restrict food intake
  • unhealthy body weight as a result of that fear controls how people view themselves
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21
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Binge and purge
- cope with negative emotions or stress

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22
Q

Where are eating disorders more common in?

A

In industrialized culture
- Women who move to North America are more likely to develop an eating disorder

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23
Q

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Personality factors
    * Anorexics - High achievement
    standards (perfectionists)
    * Bulimics - Depressed, anxious
  • Genetics
    * Higher identical twin-concordance
    rate
24
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Study These Flashcards
A

mild to moderate severity - less intense symptoms but can last for years
- lasts longer than major depression

25
Anhedonia
Loss of interest in pleasurable activities
26
Manic State in Bipolar Disorder
* Euphoric mood (have no limits, increase in energy) * Hyperactive/no sleep (aggression, restlessness, buying spree, not typical behaviour) * Rapid speech (rapid thoughts, cannot get their words out fast enough)
27
Bipolar I Disorder
Extreme manic episodes + depressive episodes (sometimes) - more manic episodes than depressive disorders - do not need depressive episodes to be diagnosed
28
Bipolar II Disorder
Mildly elevated moods (Hypomania) + depression episodes - need at least one major depressive episode to be diagnosed, needs to be more prevalent than manic episodes
29
Causal Factors in Mood Disorders
* Depression * Genetic factors * Underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin * Bipolar disorder * Stronger genetic component than unipolar depression * Concordance rate is 5x higher among identical twins - Manic state - overproduction of the underactive neurotransmitters in depression
30
Depressive Cognitive Triad
Negative thoughts concerning: * The world * Oneself * The future * Cannot suppress negative thoughts
31
Learning and Environmental Factors in Depression
* Behavioural model of depression * Environmental * Poor parenting * Many stressful experiences * Coping skills * No positive self-concept
32
Sociocultural Factors in Depression
Cultural Variation * PREVALENCE of depressive disorders * Feelings of GUILT & INADEQUACY * Gender difference not found - about the self, some symptoms more focused on than others in certain cultures
33
Somatic Symptom Disorder
* No known biological cause * Hypochondriasis (illness anxiety disorder) * Functional neurological symptom disorder - Glove anesthesia
34
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
Feelings like paralysis, loss of sensation, sudden blindness - no known cause - everything is physically healthy, but the person believes it is not, so it does not work - Glove anesthesia - loses all sensation below the wrist - technically impossible, but if the individual believes they have it, they will feel it
35
Schizophrenia
'Split-mind' - Alterations of thought, perception, consciousness - disconnection from reality (psychosis)
36
Type I Schizophrenia
* Positive symptoms - added to normal behaviour * Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech
37
Type II Schizophrenia
* Negative symptoms - things missing in typical behaviour * Lack of emotion, expression
38
Delusions
false beliefs - about reality - thoughts that persist even when there are contradictions
39
Hallucinations
false perceptions - very vivid, very clear to the person experiencing them. Auditory - voice or voices - Visual, tactile hallucinations - crawling sensation. Smell things that are not there
40
Disorganized Behaviour (language) in Schizophrenia
acting in unusual ways - wearing a lot of clothes when it is hot, issues with daily functioning, depends on the person and the people around them - rhyming words
41
Schizophrenia - biological factors
* Genetics * Twins - higher concordance rate * Brain * Neurodegenerative Hypothesis * Atrophy & Destruction (loss of neurons in limbic system - emotions and processing. Differences in perception) * Dopamine hypothesis
42
Neurodegenerative Hypothesis
destruction of neural tissue is the cause of schizophrenia
43
Dopamine Hypothesis
Overactivity of dopamine system in people with schizophrenia * Regulate emotion, motivation, cognitive functioning * Have to do with POSITIVE SYMPTOMS * have more dopamine receptors and they react more to dopamine
44
Schizophrenia: Environmental Factors
* Stressful life events * Family dynamics * HIGH EXPRESSED EMOTION - high levels of criticism, hostility, and over involvement
45
Social Causation Hypothesis (Schizophrenia: Sociocultural Factors)
Higher levels of stress among low income families and cultures
46
Social Drift Hypothesis
As functioning deteriorates (as people develop schizophrenia), they drift down the socio-economic ladder
47
Dissociative Amnesia
Selective memory loss following trauma
48
Dissociative Fugue
Loss of all personal identity - very rare - not remember who they were, with the addition of a new identity - original identity can suddenly come back, and the person does not remember what they did in the fugue
49
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
2 or more separate personalities - other personalities are called alters - Each identity is unique - alters can differ in age, gender, not even human
50
Trauma-dissociation Theory
DID generally results from severe traumatic experience in early childhood - when their identity is not fully established - Dissociate and remove themselves from the trauma, protection
51
Personality Disorders
Exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving - LOTS of personality disorders
52
Antisocial Personality Disorder
* Lack of conscience - lack of concern for other people * Exhibit little anxiety or guilt - disregard rules, laws, show little anxiety and remorse for these - rationalizing their actions to themselves. Punishment does not work, due to lack of anxiety over actions * Highly manipulative - habitual lying
53
Causal Factors in Antisocial Personality Disorder
* Biological factors * Genetic predisposition * Dysfunction in brain structures * MRI - prefrontal cortex * Psychological and environmental factors * Psychodynamic view * LACK of a SUPEREGO - moralizing part of our personalities * result of NOT HAVING a PSYCHOLOGICALLY AVAILABLE PARENT * Learning explanations * No conditioned fear responses when punished * Exposure to deviant peers
54
Borderline Personality Disorder
* Instability in behavior, emotion, identity - intense fear of abandonment * Emotional dysregulation * Intense and unstable personal relationships * Impulsive behavior - drug abuse, self harm, binge eating
55
Causal Factors in Borderline Personality Disorder
* Chaotic personal histories - very unstable personal experiences * Treated malevolently * First memories * Caregivers – abusive, rejecting, non- affirming - lowers self esteem, really need approval from others * Biological factors

Psych 105 (5 decks)

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