Chapter 4: Digestion & Absorption

Question 1

what enzyme is in mouth

Answer 1

amylase

Question 2

what is epiglottis

Answer 2

flap in esophagus

Question 3

pH of stomach

Answer 3

2 (acidic)

Question 4

parietal cells

Answer 4

excrete HCl

Question 5

Chief cells

Answer 5

release pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 6

where are parietal and chief cells found

Answer 6

gastric pits

Question 7

HCl purpose

Answer 7

kills bacteria, starts unfolding proteins

Question 8

where is most absorption

Answer 8

small intestine (duodenum)

Question 9

how is surface area increased

Answer 9

-circular folds: slows chyme, mixes
-villi

Question 10

types of villi cells

Answer 10

-enterocytes (absorb nutrients)
-goblet (secrete mucus)
-endocrine (secrete hormones)

Question 11

what are glycocalyx

Answer 11

sugars that come off microvilli, full of enzymes

Question 12

large intestine function

Answer 12

-absorb water/electrolytes
-microbiome

Question 13

microbiome function

Answer 13

synthesize vit K, biotin (B7), and short chain fatty acids

Question 14

probiotics

Answer 14

microorganisms in food

Question 15

prebiotics

Answer 15

indigestible, used by bacteria

Question 16

pancreas function

Answer 16

-5-6 cups juices
-produce sodium bicarbonate
-produce digestive enzymes

Question 17

liver function

Answer 17

-2-4 cups a day
-produce bile

Question 18

gallbladder function

Answer 18

-stores bile

Question 19

what types of enzymes does pancreas make

Answer 19

-amylase (carbs)
-lipase (lipids)
-trypsin (protein)
-chymotrypsin (protein)

Question 20

layers of GI tract (in to out)

Answer 20

-mucosa layer
-circular longitudinal muscles (mixes, propels)
-serosa (secretes water, smooth padding)

Question 21

how GI moves

Answer 21

-segmentation (mixes food, breaks up)
-peristalsis (moves food)

Question 22

places that have emzymes

Answer 22

-mouth (salivary)
-stomach
-pancreas
-small intestine

Question 23

hydrolysis

Answer 23

add water -> breaks molecules

Question 24

active transport

Answer 24

requires ATP, against the grain

Question 25

passive diffusion

Answer 25

small hydrophobic no issue

Question 26

facilitated diffusion

Answer 26

channel needed to pass through the membrane (along grain)

Question 27

endocytosis

Answer 27

transport by vesicle O

Question 28

endopeptidase

Answer 28

cuts up proteins into chunks but cannot do individual

Question 29

how is pepsinogen activated

Answer 29

when pepsin cuts off the 44 AA chain and it becomes pepsin

Question 29

enterohepatic circulation

Answer 29

95% bile salts being returned to liver

Question 30

purpose of bile salts

Answer 30

emulsification in small intestine

Question 30

what are bile salts made of

Answer 30

cholesterol + hydrophilic part (amino acid)

Question 31

cardiovascular vs lymphatic absorbs...

Answer 31

lymphatic: fats, fat soluble vits cardiovascular: everything else

Question 32

how does lymphatic system work

Answer 32

moves through valves since no pump, to thoracic duct where they enter the blood

Question 33

how does cardiovascular system work

Answer 33

nutrients taken to liver where some stored and metabolized, and some returned to body

Question 34

GERD what is it

Answer 34

stomach acid in esophagus

Question 35

GERD causes

Answer 35

-hiatal hernia -alc -smocking -obesity -pregnancy

Question 36

GERD treatments

Answer 36

eat calcium carbonate (tums/chalk)

Question 37

what is inside the stomach

Answer 37

-gastric juices -acid -pepsin enzyme

Question 38

what does the pancreas secrete

Answer 38

pancreatic juice containing... -digestive enzymes -bicarbonate

Question 39

enzymes in the body

Answer 39

-mouth: amylase -stomach: pepsin, lipase, IF -pancreas->small intestine: amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin

Question 40

which is active form pepsin or pepsinogen

Answer 40

pepsin

Question 41

how is pepsinogen activated

Answer 41

the HCl activates it by turning it into pepsin (by removing the 44 AA)

Question 42

what is the purpose of pepsin

Answer 42

to break down the proteins into smaller chains

Question 43

types of endopeptidase

Answer 43

-pepsin -trypsin -chymotrypsin