Chapter 4- Ecosystems and Communities

Question 1

Weather

Answer 1

Day to day condutions

Question 2

Climate

Answer 2

Year after year

Question 3

Climate is what you expect

Answer 3

Weather is what you get

Question 4

Greenhouse effect

Answer 4

Natural situation in which heat is retained by a layer of green house gases
Co2 methane water vapor etc

Question 5

Polar zones

Answer 5

Cold areas where sun rays strike at a very low angle

Above 66.5 degrees

Question 6

Temperate zones

Answer 6

Between polar and tropical zones

Between 66.5 and 23.5 degrees

Question 7

Tropical zone

Answer 7

Near equator
Very warm

Below 23.5 degrees

Question 8

Biotic factors

Answer 8

Biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem

Question 9

Abiotic factors

Answer 9

Physical/ nonliving factors that shape ecosystems

Question 10

Habitat

Answer 10

The area in which an organism lives

Question 11

Niche

Answer 11

Full range of phys. And biological cond’s in which an organism lives + how they use those cond’s.

Question 12

Resource

Answer 12

Any necessity of life

Water nutrients light food space

Question 13

Competitive exclusion principle

Answer 13

A fund. rule in eco. states that no two species can have the same niche in the same hab. at the same time

Question 14

Predation

Answer 14

One organism captures and feeds on another organism

Cheetah catching prey

Question 15

Symbiosis

Answer 15

Any relationship in which two species live closely together

Clownfish + anemone

Question 16

Mutualism

Answer 16

:) :)

Question 17

Commensalism

Answer 17

:) :|

Question 18

Parasitism

Answer 18

:) :(

Question 19

Ecological succession

Answer 19

Series of predictable changes in a community over time

Question 20

Primary succession

Answer 20

On land where no soil exists

Question 21

Pioneer species

Answer 21

First species to populate an area

Lichens

Question 22

Secondary successions

Answer 22

When a disturbance is over , community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original conditions

Question 23

Biome

Answer 23

Complex of terrestrial communities that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular assemblages if plants and animals

Question 24

Tolerance

Answer 24

Ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions

Question 25

Microclimate

Answer 25

The climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it

Question 26

Canopy

Answer 26

Leafy tops of tall trees form a dense covering Tropical rain forest

Question 27

Understory

Answer 27

Shade below canopy 2nd layer of shorter trees and vinrs Tropical rain forests

Question 28

Deciduous

Answer 28

A tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year. Tropical dry firest

Question 29

Coniferous

Answer 29

Conifers that produce seed bearing cones and have leaves shaped like needles Temperate foresr

Question 30

Humus

Answer 30

A material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes soil fertile Temperate forest

Question 31

Taiga

Answer 31

Bitterly cold winters and mild summers Boreal dorests

Question 32

Permafrost

Answer 32

Layer of permanently frozen subsoil

Question 33

Plankton

Answer 33

A gen. term for the tiny, free-floating orgs that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments

Question 34

Phytoplankton

Answer 34

Unicellular algae that firm the base of many aquatic food webs

Question 35

Zooplankton

Answer 35

Planktonic animals that feed on phytoplankton

Question 36

Wetland

Answer 36

An ecosystem in which water covers the soil it is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year.

Question 37

Estuaries

Answer 37

Wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea

Question 38

Detritus

Answer 38

Tiny pieces if organic material that provide food for orgs at the base of the estuary's food web

Question 39

Salt marshes

Answer 39

Temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by seagrasses under water

Question 40

Mangrove swamps

Answer 40

Coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions, including Florida and hawaii

Question 41

Photic zone

Answer 41

Photosynthesis is limited to this well-lit upper layer

Question 42

Aphotic zone

Answer 42

Below photic zone | Permanently dark

Question 43

Zonation

Answer 43

Prominent horizontal banding of orgs that live in a particular habitat

Question 44

Coastal ocean

Answer 44

Extends from the continental shelf to the low-tide mark | The relatively shallow border that surrounds the continents

Question 45

Kelp forests

Answer 45

Named for their dominant organism A giant brown alga that can grow at extraordinary rates 50 cm a day

Question 46

Coral reefs

Answer 46

Named for the coral animals whose hard, calcium carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure.

Question 47

Benthos

Answer 47

Orgs that live attached to or near the bottom | Sea stars anemones marine worms