Vocab For Chapter 12

Question 1

Transformation

Answer 1

Process by which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene from another strain of bacteria

Question 2

Bacteriophage

Answer 2

Bacteria eater

Virus that infects bacteria

Question 3

Nucleotides

Answer 3

Make up DNA

Five carbon sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

Question 4

Base pairing

Answer 4

Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine & thymine and between guanine and cytosine

Question 5

Chromatin

Answer 5

Granular material visible within the nucleus

consists of DNA coiled tightly around proteins

Question 6

Histone

Answer 6

Protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

Question 7

Replication

Answer 7

Copying process by which a cell duplicates it’s DNA

Question 8

DNA polymerase

Answer 8

Enzyme in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Question 9

Gene

Answer 9

Coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins in a cell

Question 10

Messenger RNA mRNA

Answer 10

RNA molecule that carries Copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins From DNA to the rest of the cell

Question 11

Ribosomal RNA rRNA

Answer 11

RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

Question 12

Transfer RNA tRNA

Answer 12

RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Question 13

Transcription

Answer 13

Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

Question 14

RNA polymerase

Answer 14

Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to the DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

Question 15

Promoters

Answer 15

Region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

Question 16

Introns

Answer 16

Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

Question 17

Exons

Answer 17

Expressed sequence of DNA

Codes for a protein

Question 18

Codon

Answer 18

Three nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

Question 19

Translation

Answer 19

The decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (Protein)

Question 20

Anticodon

Answer 20

Three unpaired bases a tRNA has, they are complementary to 1 mRNA codon

Question 21

Mutations

Answer 21

Changes in the genetic material

Question 22

Point mutations

Answer 22

Mutation in only a small amount of nucleotides

Question 23

Frameshift mutations

Answer 23

Shifts the “reading frame” by inserting/deleting

Question 24

Polyploidy

Answer 24

When an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Question 25

Operon

Answer 25

Group of genes operating together

Question 26

Operator

Answer 26

Region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when operon is "off"

Question 27

Differentiation

Answer 27

Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 28

Hox genes

Answer 28

Series of genes that controls the Differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo