Chapter 4 - Genes, Evolution and Behaviour

Question 1

what is the heritability coefficient

Answer 1

extent to which the degree of variation in a particular characteristic among a group of people can be attributed to genetic factors

Question 2

what is concordance

Answer 2

the likelihood that two people share a aprticular chracteristic

Question 3

describe what an adoption study entails

Answer 3

study of children who were adopted by comparing to both sets of parents

if more similar to biological parents - genetically influenced
if more similar to adoptive parents - environmentally influenced

Question 4

what is the difference between gene and chromosome

Answer 4

● Gene: a DNA portion of the chromosome that carries the hereditary blueprint.

● Chromosome: a tightly coiled molecule of DNA that’s partly covered by
protein.

● Difference is that the chromosome is made up of genes.

Question 5

what is genetic determinism

Answer 5

The view that genes have invariant and unavoidable effects.

It’s also the belief that human behavior is directly controlled by an individual’s genes.

Question 6

Intelligence is based largely on ________, but also influenced by __________

Answer 6

Genetics, Environment

Question 7

what is concordance

Answer 7

the likelihood that two people share a particular characteristic

Question 8

in adoptions what does it mean if

the child is more similar to biological parents

the child is more similar to adoptive parents

Answer 8

More similar to biological: genetic influence

More similar to adoptive: environmental influence

Question 9

Identical twins raised ______ have higher correlation on IQ scores than identical twins raised ______

Answer 9

Identical twins raised together have higher correlation on IQ scores than identical twins raised apart

Question 10

what is reaction range

Answer 10

the range of possibilities (upper and lower limits) that genetic code allows for a genetically influenced trait

Question 11

what would be the ideal approach to observe genetics and personality

Answer 11

Ideal method approach to observe genetics and personality would be to observe personality traits in identical and fraternal twins who were reared together or apart

would allow for the observation of genetics, environment and unique individual experiences

Question 12

explain the definition of evolution in terms of genetics

Answer 12

the change over time in the frequency with which particular genes occur within a population

Question 13

explain natural selection

Answer 13

characteristics that increase the likelihood of survival and ability to reproduce within a particular environment will be more likely to be preserved in the population and become more common over time

Question 14

what is beneficial about adaptation

Answer 14

allows organisms to meet recurring environmental challenged to their survival, thereby increasing their reproductive ability

Question 15

eastyn starts a species of eastyns. her species has an issue though, it is all female so theres no way to reproduce. the species eventually evolves both male and female sex organs.

what type of adaptation is this

Answer 15

domain-specific adaptation

designed to solve and particular problem

Question 16

what is evolution personality theory

Answer 16

traits exist universally in humans because they have helped humans achieve the goals of physical survival

Question 17

define parental investment

Answer 17

time, effort, energy, and risk associated with caring successfully for each offspring

Question 18

_______ _______ identified that the parent who invests most in offspring will be more competed for and thus will discriminate more when choosing a mate

Answer 18

robert trivers

Question 19

___________ mating system is expected when both parental investments is since, since it is unlikely that a single parent can successfully raise offspring

Answer 19

monogamous

Question 20

_______ is a mating type that is rare where females mate is many males

Answer 20

polyandry

Question 21

the Five Factor Model states that individual differences in personality can be accounted for by 5 variations, name em

Answer 21

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Question 22

how does the concept of reaction range illustrate the interaction between heredity and environment

Answer 22

Using the concept of range of reaction, a scientist would say that intelligence is determined by genes but manifests according to what the environment demands.

In other words, if a child has the potential to be a genius, that potential must also be nurtured through education, nutrition, and a safe environment.

Question 23

what are alleles

Answer 23

The two genes, one on each chromosome, that control the same trait.

Question 24

what is Polygenic Transmission

Answer 24

A number of genes working together to create a particular phenotypic characteristic.

intelligence is an example of this

Question 25

According to the results of the Minnesota Twin Study, what factors were the most important in determining personality?

Answer 25

family environment accounted for little to no variation in any traits the individuals' unique experience, such as school experiences, social interactions, and individual learning experiences, was an important factor and accounted for 36 to 56 percent of the variation in individual personality traits.

Question 26

How might genes influence the tendency to enjoy reading or participating in organized sports?

Answer 26

Certain inherited factors (e.g., physical characteristics such as muscle coordination) may predispose individuals to prefer certain activities.

Question 27

Mechanisms that receive input from the environment, process the information, and respond to it are called what

Answer 27

Biologically based Mechanisms

Question 28

Describe examples of human behavior that suggest innate evolved mechanisms. (give like 2)

Answer 28

Infants are born with an innate ability to acquire any language spoken in the world. Newborns are prewired to perceive specific stimuli. At one week of age, human infants show primitive mathematical skills, successfully discriminating between two and three objects. Humans, like other social animals, tend to be altruistic and helpful to other members of their own group.

Question 29

According to evolutionary theorists, what is the origin of the basic personality traits?

Answer 29

They have helped us achieve 2 goals: physical survival reproduction of the species Traits such as extraversion and emotional stability were helpful in attaining positions of dominance and mate selection. Conscientiousness and agreeableness might be particularly important to group survival, as well as in reproduction and the care of children.

Question 30

Explain Evolutionary Personality Theory

Answer 30

attempts to account for personality traits in terms of the evolutionary history of the human species; these traits are thought to develop from processes of natural selection

Question 31

How does the idea of parental investment explain differences in physical size between the sexes?

Answer 31

most mammals are polygynous (males may mate with many females) polygynous systems lead to larger males, as size and strength is an advantage in male-male competition

Question 32

define polyandry

Answer 32

one female mates with many males.

Question 33

all members of a group mate with all other members of that group. this is called _________

Answer 33

polygynandry

Question 34

ow are male and female mate preferences similar? How are they different?

Answer 34

Women prefer older men, men prefer younger women. Men don't have a preference on parental investment, women prefer it. Males prefer attractiveness over parental investment.

Question 35

Why do women in all cultures tend to marry older men?

Answer 35

they are associated with respect, status, and access to resources

Question 36

Why do women and men find a symmetrical face attractive?

Answer 36

A symmetrical face is a sign that the person is free of parasites or has a genetic resistance to parasites, and has had a healthy and normal physical development.

Question 37

What is the difference between cooperation and altruism?

Answer 37

Cooperation helps both individuals, altruism only helps the one person.

Question 38

what is Kin selection

Answer 38

The view that organisms are most likely to help others with whom they share the most genes—namely, their offspring and genetic relatives.

Question 39

What is the theory of reciprocal altruism

Answer 39

View that altruism is long-term cooperation; one individual may help another but that assistance will be reciprocated at some time in the future

Question 40

Evolutionarily, what function or functions does aggression serve?

Answer 40

a means to protect one's mate, young, territory, or food, to co-opt others' resources, or to gain access to unclaimed resources.

Question 41

who was Gregor Mendel

Answer 41

a monk performing research with garden peas in the 1860s lead to the beginning of modern genetic theory.

Question 42

eastyn starts a species with josh allen. in this species, the josh's are discriminated against, and the eastyns are discriminative against the josh's. what type of mating system is this

Answer 42

polygny men mate as much as possible and women are discriminating of their mates, occurs when female invests more into offspring

Question 43

eastyn and youngboy start a cult named "AI Youngboy II" in this cult, everyone fucks everyone and there are no prolonged relations what mating system is this

Answer 43

Polygynandry

Question 44

what does social Darwinism state?

Answer 44

those at the top of social latter are genetically the best

Question 45

Apart from genetic makeup, how else are monozygotic twins similar or the same?

Answer 45

The monozygotic twins may go through similar experiences since they look the same.

Question 46

why arre dominance hierarchies beneficial

Answer 46

allow group members to determine access to resources without unnecessary and costly aggressive encounters.

Question 47

guess who believed natural songs of smart people did better than adopted ones, measured simple motor and sensory abilities, believed that intelligence was mental quickness, invented correlation coefficient

Answer 47

Galton

Question 48

guess who reported that the heritability coefficient of intelligence was 1 (purely genetic) but it turns out he made the data up

Answer 48

Sir cyril burt

Question 49

guess who estimated intelligence coefficient was 0.72 by studying twins

Answer 49

Bouchard

Question 50

what is a karyotype

Answer 50

a genetic blueprint

Question 51

humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes ___ total ___ of which are autosomes and __ are sex chromosomes

Answer 51

23 pairs, 46 total 22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair are sex chromosomes (XX or XY)

Question 52

______ chromosomes are smaller than ___________

Answer 52

sex chromosomes are smaller than autosomes

Question 53

genes provide a temples for _____, which then provides a template for ________ molecules

Answer 53

genes provide a template for RNA, which then provides a template for protein molecules

Question 54

the influences of genes is through ________ ___________, there are no genes "for" a specific trait

Answer 54

protein synthesis

Question 55

why do people say there is a gene "for" something use the example of intelligence discusses in the lectures

Answer 55

the gene "for" intelligence is really that of reaction time is someone's genetics endowed them with thicker myelinated sheaths then their neurons will fire more rapidly, which is linked to intelligence thus the gene "for" intelligence is really the gene for myelination

Question 56

what is the critical period

Answer 56

an early stage in life when an organism is especially open to specific learning, emotional, or socializing experiences that occur as part of normal development and will not recur at a later stage. if certain skills are not developed in the critical period, they will never be learnt

Question 57

distinguish between genotype and phenotype

Answer 57

genotype is the set of genes inherited phenotype is the outward expression of genotype (characteristics, behaviors, etc)

Question 58

why cant we infer phenotype from genotype

Answer 58

outward characteristics may not indicate underlying genetic contribution example - hair color is based on genetics, yet someone who is blonde could have modified their phenotypic expression by bleaching it

Question 59

what do you call two alleles that are the same

Answer 59

homozygous

Question 60

what do you call two different alleles

Answer 60

heterozygous alleles

Question 61

eastyn and obama have a baby boy. their eyes are boht brown, what does this mean for their baby?

Answer 61

the phenotypic outcome of the baby's eye color is guaranteed to be the same as his parents

Question 62

eastyn and ed sheeran have a baby girl. eastyn has brown hair and ed has ginger hair, what hair color will she prolly have

Answer 62

brown because it is dominant

Question 63

another way to say polygenetic effect is _______ genetic

Answer 63

multiple genetic

Question 64

how to we calculate heritability (h^2) (how much observed variability due to genetic factors alone)

Answer 64

variance due to genes/ total variance

Question 65

describe a heritability of 0.0

Answer 65

the effect is totally due to the environment

Question 66

describe a heritability of 1.0

Answer 66

the effect is totally due to genes

Question 67

t or f heritability applies to individuals

Answer 67

false heritability applies to groups not individuals why? if you look at one individual there is no variability

Question 68

eastyn is looking at a groups of Inuit people, she notices that they ALL have black hair. what can she say about their hair color variability (assuming it is not dyed)

Answer 68

there is no variability (they are all the same), and since hair is genetically coded for the heritability = 1.0 (completely due to genetics)

Question 69

heritability calculation increases as ______ ________ increases

Answer 69

genetic diversity

Question 70

why did Galton suggest that intelligence was totally genetic

Answer 70

because the relatives of intelligent people were also intelligent adopted sons were not

Question 71

in bouchards twin study he found that the heritability for intelligence of identical twins reared apart is 0.72 what can we then generally deduce about heritability itself

Answer 71

heritability's coefficient is 0.72 because heritability cannot actually be measured, we take identical twins reared apart as the most accurate account for the heritability of intelligence

Question 72

eastyn has a baby, her baby has a recessive gene on autosome number 12 what genetic disorder does it have? what does this cause? how can she treat it?

Answer 72

PKU causes a lack of the enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine her baby had severe brain damage and mental retardation treated through diet control

Question 73

eastyn has a baby, it has a recessive gene on pair 15 what genetic disorder does it have? what does this cause? how can she treat it?

Answer 73

Tay Sachs disease lacks enzyme that breaks down fatty acids leads to blindness, deaf and inability to swallow and mental impairment her baby will die by 4

Question 74

eastyn has a twins, a girl and a boy which one is more susceptible to sex linked disorders

Answer 74

for all sex linked disorders men are more susceptible because the Y chromosome is shorter

Question 75

eastyn has a baby, it has a dominant gene on autosome pair number 4 what genetic disorder does it have? what does this cause?

Answer 75

it has Huntington's disease onset, 35-40 her baby will first be clumsy and forgetful then rogressive deterioration in muscle control

Question 76

eastyn has a baby, which has an extra chromosome on it's 21st pair what disorder does it have? what does this cause

Answer 76

down syndrome due to the accumulation of a protein called amyloid nervous system abnormalities mild to moderate retardation shorter life expectancy physical appearance (mongolism)

Question 77

__________ is all about changing to meet environmental needs

Answer 77

adaptation

Question 78

what are proximal and distal causes of behavior

Answer 78

proximal - the immediate mechanisms that meet certain needs and influence our behaviour (the here and now) distal - evolutionary processes that drive us to meet those needs (eg. evolutionairy causes)

Question 79

what is genetic drift

Answer 79

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance. eg. people with genes expressing schizophrenia move to the youkon, making the expression in that gene in this population more likely over time nothing to do with selection

Question 80

what is Correlate of structure

Answer 80

one trait that is selected causes other related traits to be selected for eg. opposable thumbs and hand size