Chapter 4: Molecules Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
is indispensable in the study of zoology?
A
Chemistry
2
Q
is the foundation of life?
A
cell
3
Q
is made up of atoms?
A
cell
4
Q
cell is made up of?
A
atoms
5
Q
What is atom?
A
-smallest particle
-basic unit of mater
- made up of smaller or subatomic particles
-component of cells (plant and animal cells)
6
Q
atom exist in what form?
A
ion form
7
Q
atom is made up of smaller or subatomic particles, three of which are?
A
Protons, neutrons, electrons
8
Q
negatively charged particles?
A
electron
9
Q
particles that contain no charge?
A
neutron
10
Q
positively charged particles?
A
proton
11
Q
When 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements are joined together they form what?
A
compound
12
Q
it is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means?
A
element
13
Q
How many elements are there in 2024?
A
118
14
Q
how many elements are naturally occurring?
A
92
15
Q
how many artificial elements?
A
26
16
Q
elements are illustrated using?
A
periodic table of elements
17
Q
what is used to determine the order of elements?
A
atomic number
18
Q
is a combination of 2 or more elements?
A
compounds
19
Q
what held together the compound?
A
ionic or covalent bonds
20
Q
t/f compound has fixed ratio of atoms
A
t
21
Q
are the isotopes of an element that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus?
A
atomic variants
22
Q
Isotopes of element that does not lose energy through radiation/radioactive decay?
A
stable isotope
23
Q
Isotopes of element that cannot hold together because of too many or too few neutrons?
A
Unstable isotopes
24
Q
are atomic variants with either a net negative or a net positive charge brought by the difference between the number of electrons?
A
ions
25
what is the difference between an atom and an ion?
Atoms
- electrically neutral
-same number of protons and electrons
-number of protons define its element
ion
- electrically charged
-different number of protons and electrons
-may contain one or more atoms
26
have a unique and defined chemical structure
compound
27
elements connect with one another via?
atomic bonds
28
3 types of bonds?
covalent bond, ionic bond, metallic bond
29
most common type of bonds and pair of electrons are shared by two or more atoms?
covalent bond
30
when 1 electron pair is shared between 2 atoms?
single bond
31
when 2 electron pairs are shared between 2 atoms?
double bonds
32
when 3 electrons pair are shared between 2 atoms?
triple bonds
33
are in the outermost shell of the atom, and are able to interact with each other atoms to form chemical bonds?
valence electrons
34
t/f atoms can share valence electrons to form chemical bonds?
t
35
t/f sharing the valence electrons formed a double bonds between 2 carbon atoms?
false
36
Complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
ionic bonds
37
how many atom is in need of electrons to become stable?
1
38
Positive ions?
negative ions?
PI- CATION
NI- ANION
39
are force that holds metal together?
metallic bond
40
Exists between 2 or more metals with outermost electron shell that overlaps with each other?
metal bonds
41
are electron donors?
metals
42
t/f electrons are not localized and wandering around the metals?
true
43
how many days can people last without drinking water?
3 days
44
is an extensively utilized resource that is practically used everywhere?
water
45
what are the characteristics of water?
1) High heat of vaporization
2) Water molecules exhibit a high degree of:
cohesion and adhesion
3) Water exhibits a high surface tension
4) Ice floats; less dense than liquid water
5) Water is referred to as an excellent solvent.
6) Water has a slight tendency to fall apart into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
46
tendency of water molecules to cling to each other?
cohesion
47
tendency of unlike molecules to cling to each other?
adhesion
48
is mainly responsible for the thermal properties of water?
hydrogen bonding
49
Each water molecule can form?
4 hydrogen bonds and 4 other water molecules
50
what point is this? about 15% of the H bonds break?
melting point
51
at what point is water molecules break free from the bonds holding them?
boiling point
52
is the energy required to vaporize one mole of liquid at a pressure of one atmosphere?
heat vaporization
53
Energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid (melting) or from liquid to solid (freezing) at a constant temperature?
latent heat of fusion
54
is the amount of energy that should be added or removed to change the temperature by one degrees Celsius?
heat capacity
55
Energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas (evaporation/boiling) or from gas to liquid (condensation) at a constant temperature?
latent heat of vaporization
56
are composed of elements?
living cells
57
major constituent of biomolecules?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
58
is veryimportant component of cell?
water
59
water make up how many percent of weight?
70%
60
most of the biochemical reactions occur in?
aqueous environment
61
what are elements that play keyroles in innumerable biological processes vital to the sustenance of life?
: Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Magnesium
62
t/f Excess or deficiency in these elements
can cause illness in organisms
t
63
5 major complex biomolecules?
carbohydrates(polysaccharide), lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
64
make a table about cell's organic compound
65
building block of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
66
67
building block of lipid?
fatty acid
68
building block of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
69
building block of proteins?
amino acids
70
is the element that life on earth is based upon?
carbon
71
are most abundant organic compound? and functions as energy sources and structural component of cells?
Carbohydrates
72
carbohydrates have large amount of ?
hydroxyl group (OH)
73
what are the groups of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
74
monomers or simple sugars?
monosaccharides
75
example of monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
76
chemical formula of monosaccharides?
C6H12O6
77
Composed of 2 simple sugars bonded by glycosidic bonds
disaccharides
78
disaccharides are bonded by? a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
glycosidic bonds
79
example of disaccharides?
Lactose or milk sugar, Sucrose, Maltose
80
are made up of anywhere from 3 to 10 monosaccharides units linked by glycosidic bonds?
oligosaccharides
81
May consist of thousand of monomers of glucose or other simple sugars?
Polysaccharides
82
examples of polysaccharides?
starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
83
carbohydrate storage for plants
starch
84
most abundant biological molecule
cellulose
85
major substance in the exoskeleton of arthropods & mollusk
chitin
86
main storage form of carbohydrate in animals
glycogen
87
Include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids?
lipids
88
function of lipids?
-for energy storage
-components of membranes
-insulation barriers to avoid thermal, electric & physical shock
-as lipoprotein that facilitates transport of lipids in the blood
-as waterproof coatings
-as chemical messengers
89
what are types of lipids?
simple lipids, compound lipids, derived lipids
90
illustrate the classification of lipids?
91
Consists of a glycerol part with each hydroxyly (OH) group esterified to a fatty acid
- Common in adipose tissue, olive oil, lard
-Often seen as solid (neutral fats) or semisolid at room temperature – in animals
-liquid (neutral oils) – in plants
Triglycerides or neutral fats
92
- contain a high proportion of fatty acid molecules without double bonds
- considered to be less healthy
saturated fats
93
- contain one or more double or triple bonds between the molecules
unsaturated fats
94
Found in the surface of fruits, leaves, feather, and fur
Repels water
Composed of esters of long chain fatty acids
- can be found in beeswax, head oil of sperm whale, cerumen, carnuba oil, lanolin
waxes
95
example of compound lipid?
phospholipids, Sphingolipids, Glycolipids
96
-Contain glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphoric acid bound in ester linkages to a nitrogenous base?
-Found mainly in animal tissues in the form of lecithin,cephalin, plasmalogen, & lipositol
Phospholipids
97
Contain sphingosine as the alcohol backbone
Example: sphingomyelin in nervous tissue (signal transmission), brain, red blood cells
sphingolipids
98
-Lipids with a carbohydrate attached into it
-Important components of the plasma membrane in cells
-Extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the aqueous environment outside the cell
-Serve as recognition sites for specific chemicals
-Maintain the stability of the membrane
-Attach cells to each other to form tissues
Glycolipids
99
example of derived lipids
Terpenes, sterols, fatty acids
100
-Primary constituents of the essential oils of many types of plants and flowers?
-Found in plant pigments carotene & lycopene
-Fat-soluble vitamins A, E & K are also chemically related
- these vits are essential for blood clotting; maintenance of structural integrity; sight
Terpenes
101
Examples are cholesterol, androgens and estrogens (sex hormones), adrenal corticosteroids, ergostol (found in plant tissues, yeast & fungi), 7-dehydrocholesterol
- have important roles in cellular structure, cellular communication, and metabolism
sterols
102
Long chain aliphatic carboxylic acid products
Result from the hydrolysis of lipids?
Can be classified according to:
- the length of the carbon chain ( short, medium, long chain)
- importance in the diet (essential or non-essential)
- number of double bonds (unsaturated, monounsaturated,polyunsaturated)
fatty acids
103
-Almost all biological processes require_?
-Many roles in cells & between cells
-Mediates & participates in several biological processes
proteins
104
biologicals processes mediated by proteins?
1) Structural proteins make up some components of animal tissue
2) Regulatory proteins control numerous cell processes
3) Enzymes facilitate many chemical reactions
4) Hormones are chemical messenger
5)Transport proteins carry other substances through cells or from cell to cell
6)Antibodies or immunoglobulins are responsible for detecting foreign substances or “antigen”
7) Fluid balance is also regulated by proteins, primarily albumin and blood plasma
105
3 level organizations of proteins?
1) Primary structure-
2) Secondary structure
3)Tertiary structure
4) Quaternary-
106
what level of organization in the protein that simply the order of aa in the polypeptide strand
primary structure
107
what level of organization in the protein that refers to the 3D folding of the polypeptide chain
secondary structure
108
what level of organization in the protein?formed when the distant segments of a primary structure & the relationships of the side chains are bound in a 3D folding of the entire polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
109
what level of organization in protein fitting together of 2 or more polypeptide chains
quaternary
110
Large organic molecules w/c carry the genetic information in the form of a code?
nucleic acids
111
2 types of nucleic acid?
dna and rna
112
differentiate dna to rna
type of sugar: deoxyribose, ribose
number of strands: double helix, single helix
nitrogenous bases: adenine cytosine guanine thymine //// adenine cytosine guanine uracil
location in the cell: nucleus// nucleus and cytoplasm
