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Anatomy > Chapter 4 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cells

A

Work together in functionally related groups called tissues

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2
Q

Define Tissue

A

Group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

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3
Q

What are the components of tissues?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

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4
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix?

A

Ground substance and fibers

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5
Q

Describe collagenous fibers

A

Keeps the tissue from tearing, produces tensile, flexible strength

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6
Q

Describe Reticular fibers

A

Forms a storm or framework of an organ

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7
Q

Describe elastic fibers

A

Stretch and recoil to normal shape

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8
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A

Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, forms most glands

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9
Q

How are tissues distinguished?

A

By the type of cells, distribution of cells, components and distribution/amount of extracellular matrix

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10
Q

Name the 6 functions of epithelial cells

A

Protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, filtration, sensory reception

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11
Q

What are 6 special characteristics of epithelia?

A

Cellularity, specialized contacts, polarity, support by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regeneration

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12
Q

Describe innervated

A

Allows sensory receptors to send messages to the brain

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13
Q

Where does the epithelia receive nutrients?

A

From underlying connective tissues

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14
Q

What binds epithelial cells together?

A

Adhesion proteins, contours of adjacent membranes, and cell junctions

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15
Q

Describe tight junctions

A

Found at apical region of epithelial tissues, close off intercellular space and prevents fluids from leaking between cells

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16
Q

Describe adhesive belt junctions

A

Anchoring junction that holds the cell together and supports tight junctions

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17
Q

Describe transmembrane linker proteins

A

Attach to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells, around apical lateral boarders or tissues

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18
Q

Describe desmosomes

A

Main junctions for binding cells together, scattered along abutting sides of adjacent cells. Filaments extend across cytoplasm to anchor at desmosomes on opposite sides

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19
Q

Where are desmosome common?

A

Cardiac muscle and epithelial tissues, wherever there is a lot of friction

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20
Q

Describe gap junctions

A

A passageway between two cells connected by hollow cylinders of protein that let small molecules move

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21
Q

Where are gap junctions common?

A

Embryonic tissue, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, connective tissue

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22
Q

Describe a connexon

A

Allows communication and transportation, formed by proteins, found on a gap junction

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23
Q

Describe the basal lamina

A

Located at the boarder of epithelium and connective tissue, consists of proteins secreted by epithelial cells

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24
Q

What are the components of the basement membrane?

A

Reticular lamina and basal lamina

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25
Q

What is the function of the Basal Lamina?

A

Acts as a selective filter and a scaffolding allowing migration of regenerated epithelial tissue cells

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26
Q

What are two features of the apical surface?

A

Cilia and microvilli

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27
Q

Describe microvilli

A

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane with a core of actin filaments that stiffen it. Maximizes surface area so molecules can enter or leave

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28
Q

Where are microvilli found?

A

Kidney tubules, small intestine, mucus secreting epithelium

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29
Q

Describe cili

A

Whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes that generate movement. Contain a core of microtubules held together by cross linking and radial proteins

30
Q

Describe dynein

A

Motor protein used to grip doublets and propel movement in cilia

31
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Single layer of cells attached to basement membrane

32
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Multiple layers of cells, basal layer is attached to basement membrane

33
Q

Squamous

A

Cells wider than tall, nucleus sits higher than cell

34
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cells are as wide as they are tall, circular and centered nucleus

35
Q

Columnar

A

Cells are taller than they are wide, nucleus is towards the bottom

36
Q

How are cells named?

A

Based on the apical surface

37
Q

Function of simple squamous epithelial

A

Diffusion and filtration

38
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelial

A

Protection

39
Q

Function of simple cuboidal/columnar

A

secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

40
Q

Function of stratified cuboidal/columnar

A

Protection; very rare

41
Q

Function of transitional epithelial

A

Protection; stretching to accommodate dissension of urinary structures

42
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, serosae, lining of capillaries

43
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Kidney tubules, ducts, secretary portions of small glands, ovary surface

44
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Nonciliated lines the digestive tract and gallbladder, ciliated lines the small bronchi, uterine tubes, and parts of uterus

45
Q

Function of cilia

A

Move things quickly across the cell surface

46
Q

Function of microvilli

A

Increase surface area of cell

47
Q

What kind of tissue can goblet cells be found in?

A

Simple columnar and pseuodstratified epithelia

48
Q

Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

Sperm carrying ducts, trachea, upper respiratory tract

49
Q

What is the major role of stratified epithelia?

A

Protection

50
Q

How is stratified epithelia named?

A

After its apical layer

51
Q

What is the thickest epithelial tissue?

A

Stratified squamous

52
Q

Where can keratinized epithelium be found?

A

Epidermis

53
Q

Where can nonkeratinized epithelium be found?

A

Moist lining of body openings

54
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Protects underlying tissues that are subject o abrasion

55
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelia found?

A

Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

56
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Very rare, in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

57
Q

Function of transitional epithelia

A

Stretches and permits dissension of urinary organ

58
Q

Where is transitional epithelia found?

A

lines ureters, bladder, part of urethra

59
Q

Define endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid, secrete hormones

60
Q

Define exocrine glands

A

Ducts carry products of this gland to epithelial surface, includes: mucus secreting, sweat and oil, salivary, and liver/pancreas glands

61
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

Unicellular exocrine gland that produces mucin, protects and lubricates internal body surfaces

62
Q

What is mucus made of?

A

Mucin and water

63
Q

What are multicellular exocrine glands?

A

Two parts: epithelium walled duct for transportation and secretory unit that secretes, classified by structure and secretory unit

64
Q

Alveolar shape

A

Tear drop

65
Q

Simple tubular example

A

intestinal glands

66
Q

Simple branched tubular example

A

Stomach glands

67
Q

Compound tubular example

A

Duodenal glands

68
Q

Simple branched alveolar example

A

Sebaceous gland (Oil)

69
Q

Compound alveolar example

A

Mammary glands

70
Q

Compound tubuloalveolar example

A

Salivary gland

Anatomy (8 decks)

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