Chapter 4 - personality and values

Question 1

what is the personality–job fit theory?

Answer 1

A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

Question 2

what is person–organization fit?

Answer 2

A theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and leave when there is no compatibility.

Question 3

what is personality?

Answer 3

The sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others

Question 4

is someone’s personality hereditary or a result of their environment?

Answer 4

both; however, research tends to support the importance of heredity over environment.

Question 5

what is hereditary?

Answer 5

Factors determined at conception;
one’s biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup

Question 6

what are personality traits?

Answer 6

Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.

Question 7

what is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

Answer 7

A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into one of sixteen personality types.

Question 8

Is it recommended to use MBTI in professional settings?

Answer 8

no, evidence is mixed about its validity as a measure of personality; however, most of the evidence is against it

Question 9

what is the Big Five Model?

Answer 9

A personality model that proposes five basic dimensions encompass most of the differences in human personality

Question 10

how valid is the Big Five Model?

Answer 10

Test scores of these traits do a very good job of predicting how people behave in a variety of real-life situations

Question 11

what is conscientiousness?

Answer 11

A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Question 12

what is emotional stability?

Answer 12

A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

Question 13

what is extraversion?

Answer 13

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive.

Question 14

what is openness to experience?

Answer 14

A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity

Question 15

what is agreeableness?

Answer 15

A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting

Question 16

what is the Dark Triad?

Answer 16

three of negative personality traits:
machiavellianism
narcissism
psychopathy

Question 17

what is Machiavellianism?

Answer 17

an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

Question 18

what is narcissism?

Answer 18

The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and possess a sense of entitlement.

Question 19

what is psychopathy?

Answer 19

The tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm.

Question 20

what are core self-evaluation (CSE)?

Answer 20

Bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.

Question 21

what is the situation strength theory?

Answer 21

A theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation.

Question 21

what is self-monitoring?

Answer 21

A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors

Question 22

what is proactive personality?

Answer 22

People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs

Question 22

what four elements have researchers used to analyze a situation’s strength?

Answer 22

clarity, consistency, constraints, and consequences

Question 23

what is the trait activation theory (TAT)?

Answer 23

A theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others.

Question 24

what are values?

Answer 24

Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct

Question 25

what is a value system?

Answer 25

A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.

Question 26

what are terminal values?

Answer 26

the goals a person would like to achieve during their lifetime.

Question 27

what are instrumental values?

Answer 27

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.

Question 28

what is power distance?

Answer 28

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally

Question 29

what is individualism?

Answer 29

A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups

Question 30

what is collectivism?

Answer 30

A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them

Question 31

what is masculinity?

Answer 31

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.

Question 32

what is femininity?

Answer 32

A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.

Question 33

what is uncertainty avoidance?

Answer 33

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

Question 34

what is long-term orientation?

Answer 34

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.

Question 35

what is short-term orientation?

Answer 35

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.