Chapter 4 - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards
1
Q
What 4 things are required to be considered a cell?
A
Cell membrane, genetic info, ribosomes, cytoplasm
2
Q
Domains of Prokaryotes
A
Bacteria, Archaea
3
Q
Domains of Eukaryotes
A
Eukarya
4
Q
Kingdoms of Prokaryotes
A
Monera
5
Q
Kingdoms of Eukaryotes
A
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
6
Q
Do proks have membrane bound organelles?
A
No
7
Q
Do euks have membrane bound organelles?
A
Yes
8
Q
Do proks have a nucleus?
A
No
9
Q
Do euks have a nucleus?
A
Yes
10
Q
How many cells are in a prok?
A
One (unicellular)
11
Q
How many cells are in a euk?
A
One or more
12
Q
How many chromosomes do proks have?
A
One
13
Q
How many chromosomes do euks have?
A
More than one
14
Q
Do proks have a cell wall?
A
Yes (most)
15
Q
Do euks have a cell wall?
A
No (Many do - plantae)
16
Q
Do proks have plasma/cell membrane?
A
Yes
17
Q
Do euks have plasma/cell membrane?
A
Yes
18
Q
How do proks divide?
A
Asexual (binary fission)
19
Q
How do euks divide?
A
Asexual - mitosis
Sexual - meiosis
20
Q
Are prokaryotic cells larger or smaller than viral units?
A
Larger
21
Q
Are prokaryotic cells larger or smaller than eukaryotic cells?
A
Smaller
22
Q
What is morphology?
A
Shape of cells (you)
23
Q
What are little round circles called?
A
Coccus - cocci
24
Q
What are pill shaped organisms called?
A
Bacillus - bacilli
25
What is a fat, little roundish rod called in morphology?
Coccobacillus
26
What is a worm-shaped organism called in morphology?
Spirillum - spirilli
27
What is a rare shape in morphology?
Star shape or square
28
If a prokaryote has a cell wall, what is it called?
Monomorphic
29
What does monomorphic mean?
One shape
30
What is a pleomorphic cell?
A cell with no cell wall that can take more than one shape, a shapeshifter cell
31
What does the arrangement of cells communicate?
How cells hang out with each other
32
What are the four ways that cells can be arranged?
Single, diploid, tetrad (four), sarcina (eight, usually 2 tetrads)
33
How is Staphyloccocus arranged?
In grapelike clusters
34
How is Steptoccocus arranged?
In chains of coccus
35
How is Bacillus subtilis arranged?
In branch-like worms
36
How is E. coli arranged?
Single or diploid
37
In a prok, which structures are outside of the cell wall?
1. Glycocalyx
2. Flagella/ flagellum
3. Axial filaments
4. Fimbriae and Pili
38
What is viscous, made in the cell, and secreted out?
Glycocalyx
39
What are the three kinds of glycocalyx?
Capsule, Slime layer, and Extracellular polysaccharide(EPS)
40
What are the characteristics of a capsule?
Organized in structure and firmly attached to the cell wall
41
What are the characteristics of slime mold?
Unorganized, not firmly attached to the cell wall
42
What is the function of an EPS?
Enables organism to stick to non-living surfaces
43
What is an example of an extracellular polysaccharide?
Streptococcus mutans - the cavity one
44
What are flagella made of?
Protein
45
What is the function of flagella?
Locomotion, identification of organism
46
What does -taxis mean?
movement
47
What is chemotaxis?
Movement towards or away from a chemical
48
Which flagellum is singular and at the end of the cell?
Monotrichous
49
Which type of flagella has one at either end of the cell?
Amphitrichous
50
What is lophotrichous?
More than one flagella at one end
51
Flagella all around the cell
Peritrichous
52
No flagellum
Atrichous
53
What is another name for axial filaments
Endoflagella
54
Describe the structure and function of endoflagella
Start in cell wall, penetrate cell wall, and wrap around to give cell rotational motility
55
How do endoflagella move when they are present?
They spiral
56
On what organism are endoflagella found?
Spirochetes
57
What are the characteristics of fimbriae?
- short
- hundreds per cell
- attachment to colonize
58
What are the characteristics of pili?
- long
- 1-2 per cell
- attach to conjugation
- exchange genetic information
59
What is the function of the cell wall?
Structure and protection
60
What is the cell wall composed of?
Peptidoglycan
61
What is another name for peptidoglycan?
Murein
62
If an organism has many layers of murein and techoic acids, what is it?
Gram positive
63
What is the function of techoic acids?
Regulate movement of substances in and out of the cell
64
If an organism has a thin layer of murein and no techoic acids, what is it?
Gram negative
65
Do G+ or G- have an outer membrane?
G-
66
What is the G- outer membrane made of?
lipoproteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
67
Which part of the LPS helps us identify certain organisms?
Polysaccharide portion
68
Which part of the LPS is an endotoxin?
Lipid portion (Lipid A)
69
What is the function of the outer membrane?
Protect organism, contain endotoxin (harmful to us, helpful to organism)
70
Which genus of bacteria has no cell wall?
Mycoplasma
71
What is the smallest bacterial organism alive on Earth?
Mycoplasma
72
Which domain has no cell wall or has cell wall without peptidoglycan?
Archaea
73
What happens if a cell wall is destroyed?
It kills the organism (antibiotics target cell walls)
74
What is the name of a G+ viable cell whose cell wall is not functional?
Protoplast
75
What is the name of a G- viable cell whose cell wall is not functional?
Spheroplast
76
What three structures are found inside the cell wall?
Plasma/cell membrane, cytoplasm, and endospores
77
What is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that is semi-permeable?
Cell membrane
78
What are the two main forms of transport across the cell membrane?
Passive and active
79
What is simple diffusion?
Solutes moving from high to low concentration of solute without the use of energy
80
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of solute from high to low with the use of protein carrier
81
What is osmosis?
Water moving from low to high concentration of solute
82
What measures the concentration of solute in relation to surrounding areas?
Tonicity
83
Isotonic
Balanced solute
84
Hypertonic
More solute
85
Hypotonic
Less solute
86
What is active transport?
Movement of solute from low to high concentration of solute with the use of energy
87
What is contained within cytoplasm?
Nucleoid area/genome, ribosomes, plasmids, inclusions
88
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis, classify organisms into domains
89
What is a Svedberg unit?
Measure rate of sedimentation
90
How many Svedberg units (S) do proks have?
70 S
91
How many S do euks have?
80 S
92
What is an extrachromosomal circular piece of DNA separate from the 1 chromosome in a prok?
Plasmid
93
What is the function of plasmids?
Increase survival chances in abnormal environment
94
What is the name of the storage areas for certain nutrients?
Inclusions
95
What do inclusions look like and what does their presence help determine?
Granules, identity of organism
96
Do all cells have plasmids and inclusions?
NO
97
Which bacteria causes diptheria and has metachromatic inclusions?
Corynebacterium diphtheria
98
Non-living, resilient, produced in negative environment
Endospores
99
What is the process by which vegetative cells produce endospores?
Sporulation/sporogenesis
100
Is sporulation a method of reproduction?
No
101
What is germination?
The process by which a spore becomes a vegetative cell when the environment becomes positive
102
Which two genuses have spores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
103
Is the location of spores in cells significant?
Yes
104
What is the Schaffer Fulton Method?
The Christmas Stain, used to color cells red and spores green
