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Microbiology Pt.2 > Chapter 4 Prokaryotic Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Prokaryotic Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both parties benefit

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2
Q

Amensalism

A

One party is harmed and the other is unaffected

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3
Q

Communalism

A

One is benefited and the other is unaffected

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4
Q

Neutralism

A

Unaffected and unaffected

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5
Q

Parasitism

A

One is benefitted and the other is harmed

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6
Q

What is Bergey’s manual?

A

summarizes the information about the kinds of bacteria known at the time, and is has been since updated

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7
Q

Taxonomy in order

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus

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8
Q

What does ‘atypical” mean?

A

neither gram positive or gram-negative

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9
Q

Gram Negative

A

bacteria with thin peptidoglycan cell wall. Results in red stain

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10
Q

Gram positive

A

bacteria with thick peptidoglycan cell wall. Results in purple stain.

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11
Q

What is the phylum of the gram-negative prokaryotic organisms?

A
  • Proteobacteria

Nonproteobacteria

  • CFB (cytophaga, flavobacterium, bacteroides)
    -Spirochetes
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12
Q

What are the 5 classes of proteobacteria?

A

-Alphaproteobacteria
-Betaproteobacteria
-Gammaproteobacteria
- Deltaproteobacteria
- Epsilonproteobacteria

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13
Q

What is phototropic?

A

include both proteobacteria and non proteobacteria

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14
Q

How are gram positive bacteria classified?

A
  • Actinobacteria (high guanine and cytosine)
  • Low G+C
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15
Q

what are the main characteristics of alphaproteobacteria?
(Gram negative prokaryotic)

A

-they are oligotrophs:
capable of living in a low-nutrient environment
-obligate intracellular: rely on other cells for ATP, so they must live inside a host cell for part of their life cycle

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16
Q

Rickettsias

A

-transmits through vectors such as lice and ticks
-is part of the alphaproteobacteria class

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17
Q

R.rickettsii

A

-Rocky mountain spotted fever
-via tick
-inflammation of the membranes of the brain

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18
Q

Chlamydia

A

-phototropic (alphaproteobacteria)
-extremely resistant
-spread via elementary bodies ->into the epithelial cell->reticulate bodies release more elementary bodies until all the ATP is used up

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19
Q

Unique characteristics of betaproteobacteria?

A

-require a copious amount of organic nutrients
-uses a wide range of metabolic strategies
-can survive in range of environments

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20
Q

Genus neisseria

A

-Part of the betaproteobacteria class
-gonorrhoeae
-meningitis
-pertussis(whooping cough)

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21
Q

Where are rRNA produced?

A

Nucleolus (which is inside nucleus)

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22
Q

What does pertussis do?

A

-whooping cough
-damage respiratory cells by paralyzing cilia

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23
Q

Unique characteristic of the gammaproteobacteria

A

-most diverse
-number of pathogens

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24
Q

Ring worm

A

Caused by fungi not a worm

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25
Q

Mycoses

A

Fungal infection

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26
Q

What is yeast?

A

-Unicellular fungi
-Opportunistic infection (when normal flora is reduced and can not keep yeast at bay)
-Antibiotic resistant (only for prokaryotes)

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27
Q

How are fungal infections treated

A

Medication that target ergostral

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28
Q

Disinfection

A

Is not sterilization still resistant forms remain

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29
Q

Biofilms

A

Organisms living in a community

30
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

-aerobic
-gammaproteobacteria
-high motility and no fermenting
-chronic UTI
-wounds and burns
-resistant to antibiotics

31
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

-gammaproteobacteria
-aerobe
-chronic UTI
-infect wounds and burns

32
Q

what causes ring worm?

A

Fungi

33
Q

genus Neisseria

A

-betaproteobacteria
-gonnorrhoeae
-meningitides

34
Q

genus bordetella

A

-betaproteobacteria
-whooping cough
- paralyze cilia in the respiratory tract

35
Q

mycoses

A

fungal infection

36
Q

prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70s (50s+30s)

37
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80s (60s+40s)

38
Q

autoclave

A

uses pressure to kill bacteria

39
Q

flatworms

A

-platyhelminths
-flukes,tapeworms,tuberlarians

40
Q

what are the segments of the body of the worm called?

A

proglottids

41
Q

which flat worms were segmented?

A

-tapeworm

42
Q

which flat worms were unsegmented?

A

flukes

43
Q

cilia

A

-hairlike organelle
-two central microtubules

44
Q

protozoans pellicle

A

bands of protein just inside the membrane that add rigidity forming a structure

45
Q

viral multiplication

A

adsorption,penatration,replication,maturation,assembly,release

46
Q

what is the structure of viruses?

A

nucleic acid (DNA orRNA) sorrouned by a protein coat. envelope is obtained by budding out of cell

47
Q

how do viruses replicate?

A

only inside the host cell. They “take over”.

48
Q

Prions

A

transmissible proteins

49
Q

What is the name of prions in sheep, cow, and humans?

A

scrapie-sheep
mad cow disease- cattle
creutzfeldt jakob disease-humans

50
Q

what is one approach that has been developed to treat viral infections?

A

nucleoside analogs (acyclovir)

51
Q

How do animal viruses replicate?

A

Attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, release

52
Q

DNA viruses…

A

enter host cell (as provirus) and then can direct production of new viruses from there

53
Q

RNA viruses…

A

operate from host’s cytoplasm

54
Q

What are retro viruses

A

RNA viruses that carry enzymes to convert RNA —> DNA

55
Q

Lytic cycle

A

phage invades the bacterium and replicates making more phages until the bacterium explodes. Releases new phages -it lyses

56
Q

Lysogenic phase

A

The phage invades the bacterium but this time its genome gets incorporated into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage (which is then replicated along with the chromosome as the bacterium does binary fission, so all progeny cells are infected)

57
Q

what casues the red tide?

A

K.brevis, dinoflagellets

57
Q

If prophage pops out then it can enter…

A

lytic phase

58
Q

dsDNA replication strategy

A

follows cellular process

59
Q

ssDNA

A

has to produce complimentary DNA to then produce the mRNA that will be used to make the proteins

60
Q

ssRNA

A

+sense can act as an mRNA and produce proteins
-sense is complementary to mRNA and then needs another enzyme to convert to mRNA that can be used to produce the proteins

61
Q

dsRNA

A

uses the enzyme (viral RNA dependent RNA polymers) to produce mRNAs to then be used to produce the proteins

62
Q

isotonic solution

A

balanced, equal, no net movement

63
Q

hypotonic solution

A

external has a low concentration of solute and high water concentration

64
Q

hypertonic

A

the movement of water goes out of the cell, as there is a high concentration of solute outside of the cell

65
Q

which bacteria is most prevalent in the human gut?

A

bacteroides

66
Q

betaproteabactreia genra

A

-neisseria
-bordetella
-leptothrix

67
Q

how do spirochetes propel themselves?

A

axial filament

68
Q

deinococcus radiodurans

A

deeply branching bacteria considered polyextremophile

69
Q

what genus does Samonella belong to?

A

gammaproteobacteria

70
Q

what class does e.coli fall in?

A

gammaproteobacteria

Microbiology Pt.2 (7 decks)

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