Chapter 4 Prokaryotic Diversity

Question 1

What is mutualism?

Answer 1

Both parties benefit

Question 2

Amensalism

Answer 2

One party is harmed and the other is unaffected

Question 3

Communalism

Answer 3

One is benefited and the other is unaffected

Question 4

Neutralism

Answer 4

Unaffected and unaffected

Question 5

Parasitism

Answer 5

One is benefitted and the other is harmed

Question 6

What is Bergey’s manual?

Answer 6

summarizes the information about the kinds of bacteria known at the time, and is has been since updated

Question 7

Taxonomy in order

Answer 7

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus

Question 8

What does ‘atypical” mean?

Answer 8

neither gram positive or gram-negative

Question 9

Gram Negative

Answer 9

bacteria with thin peptidoglycan cell wall. Results in red stain

Question 10

Gram positive

Answer 10

bacteria with thick peptidoglycan cell wall. Results in purple stain.

Question 11

What is the phylum of the gram-negative prokaryotic organisms?

Answer 11

• Proteobacteria

Nonproteobacteria

• CFB (cytophaga, flavobacterium, bacteroides)
  -Spirochetes

Question 12

What are the 5 classes of proteobacteria?

Answer 12

-Alphaproteobacteria
-Betaproteobacteria
-Gammaproteobacteria
- Deltaproteobacteria
- Epsilonproteobacteria

Question 13

What is phototropic?

Answer 13

include both proteobacteria and non proteobacteria

Question 14

How are gram positive bacteria classified?

Answer 14

• Actinobacteria (high guanine and cytosine)
• Low G+C

Question 15

what are the main characteristics of alphaproteobacteria?
(Gram negative prokaryotic)

Answer 15

-they are oligotrophs:
capable of living in a low-nutrient environment
-obligate intracellular: rely on other cells for ATP, so they must live inside a host cell for part of their life cycle

Question 16

Rickettsias

Answer 16

-transmits through vectors such as lice and ticks
-is part of the alphaproteobacteria class

Question 17

R.rickettsii

Answer 17

-Rocky mountain spotted fever
-via tick
-inflammation of the membranes of the brain

Question 18

Chlamydia

Answer 18

-phototropic (alphaproteobacteria)
-extremely resistant
-spread via elementary bodies ->into the epithelial cell->reticulate bodies release more elementary bodies until all the ATP is used up

Question 19

Unique characteristics of betaproteobacteria?

Answer 19

-require a copious amount of organic nutrients
-uses a wide range of metabolic strategies
-can survive in range of environments

Question 20

Genus neisseria

Answer 20

-Part of the betaproteobacteria class
-gonorrhoeae
-meningitis
-pertussis(whooping cough)

Question 21

Where are rRNA produced?

Answer 21

Nucleolus (which is inside nucleus)

Question 22

What does pertussis do?

Answer 22

-whooping cough
-damage respiratory cells by paralyzing cilia

Question 23

Unique characteristic of the gammaproteobacteria

Answer 23

-most diverse
-number of pathogens

Question 24

Ring worm

Answer 24

Caused by fungi not a worm

Question 25

Mycoses

Answer 25

Fungal infection

Question 26

What is yeast?

Answer 26

-Unicellular fungi -Opportunistic infection (when normal flora is reduced and can not keep yeast at bay) -Antibiotic resistant (only for prokaryotes)

Question 27

How are fungal infections treated

Answer 27

Medication that target ergostral

Question 28

Disinfection

Answer 28

Is not sterilization still resistant forms remain

Question 29

Biofilms

Answer 29

Organisms living in a community

Question 30

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 30

-aerobic -gammaproteobacteria -high motility and no fermenting -chronic UTI -wounds and burns -resistant to antibiotics

Question 31

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 31

-gammaproteobacteria -aerobe -chronic UTI -infect wounds and burns

Question 32

what causes ring worm?

Answer 32

Fungi

Question 33

genus Neisseria

Answer 33

-betaproteobacteria -gonnorrhoeae -meningitides

Question 34

genus bordetella

Answer 34

-betaproteobacteria -whooping cough - paralyze cilia in the respiratory tract

Question 35

mycoses

Answer 35

fungal infection

Question 36

prokaryotic ribosomes

Answer 36

70s (50s+30s)

Question 37

eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 37

80s (60s+40s)

Question 38

autoclave

Answer 38

uses pressure to kill bacteria

Question 39

flatworms

Answer 39

-platyhelminths -flukes,tapeworms,tuberlarians

Question 40

what are the segments of the body of the worm called?

Answer 40

proglottids

Question 41

which flat worms were segmented?

Answer 41

-tapeworm

Question 42

which flat worms were unsegmented?

Answer 42

flukes

Question 43

cilia

Answer 43

-hairlike organelle -two central microtubules

Question 44

protozoans pellicle

Answer 44

bands of protein just inside the membrane that add rigidity forming a structure

Question 45

viral multiplication

Answer 45

adsorption,penatration,replication,maturation,assembly,release

Question 46

what is the structure of viruses?

Answer 46

nucleic acid (DNA orRNA) sorrouned by a protein coat. envelope is obtained by budding out of cell

Question 47

how do viruses replicate?

Answer 47

only inside the host cell. They "take over".

Question 48

Prions

Answer 48

transmissible proteins

Question 49

What is the name of prions in sheep, cow, and humans?

Answer 49

scrapie-sheep mad cow disease- cattle creutzfeldt jakob disease-humans

Question 50

what is one approach that has been developed to treat viral infections?

Answer 50

nucleoside analogs (acyclovir)

Question 51

How do animal viruses replicate?

Answer 51

Attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, release

Question 52

DNA viruses...

Answer 52

enter host cell (as provirus) and then can direct production of new viruses from there

Question 53

RNA viruses...

Answer 53

operate from host's cytoplasm

Question 54

What are retro viruses

Answer 54

RNA viruses that carry enzymes to convert RNA ---> DNA

Question 55

Lytic cycle

Answer 55

phage invades the bacterium and replicates making more phages until the bacterium explodes. Releases new phages -it lyses

Question 56

Lysogenic phase

Answer 56

The phage invades the bacterium but this time its genome gets incorporated into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage (which is then replicated along with the chromosome as the bacterium does binary fission, so all progeny cells are infected)

Question 57

what casues the red tide?

Answer 57

K.brevis, dinoflagellets

Question 57

If prophage pops out then it can enter...

Answer 57

lytic phase

Question 58

dsDNA replication strategy

Answer 58

follows cellular process

Question 59

ssDNA

Answer 59

has to produce complimentary DNA to then produce the mRNA that will be used to make the proteins

Question 60

ssRNA

Answer 60

+sense can act as an mRNA and produce proteins -sense is complementary to mRNA and then needs another enzyme to convert to mRNA that can be used to produce the proteins

Question 61

dsRNA

Answer 61

uses the enzyme (viral RNA dependent RNA polymers) to produce mRNAs to then be used to produce the proteins

Question 62

isotonic solution

Answer 62

balanced, equal, no net movement

Question 63

hypotonic solution

Answer 63

external has a low concentration of solute and high water concentration

Question 64

hypertonic

Answer 64

the movement of water goes out of the cell, as there is a high concentration of solute outside of the cell

Question 65

which bacteria is most prevalent in the human gut?

Answer 65

bacteroides

Question 66

betaproteabactreia genra

Answer 66

-neisseria -bordetella -leptothrix

Question 67

how do spirochetes propel themselves?

Answer 67

axial filament

Question 68

deinococcus radiodurans

Answer 68

deeply branching bacteria considered polyextremophile

Question 69

what genus does Samonella belong to?

Answer 69

gammaproteobacteria

Question 70

what class does e.coli fall in?

Answer 70

gammaproteobacteria