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Microbiology Pt.2 > Chapter 7 microbial biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 7 microbial biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons

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2
Q

what is atomic mass?

A

protons + neutrons

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3
Q

what are the three forms of atoms?

A
  1. ions
  2. isotopes
    3.molecules
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4
Q

Ions

A

charged atoms

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5
Q

isotopes

A

atoms differing in numbers of neutrons

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6
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms bonded together

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7
Q

protons

A

positive charge

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8
Q

neutrons

A

one neutral (no charge)

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9
Q

Electrons

A

negative charge

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10
Q

what is a atom that is neutrally charged?

A

when protons are equal to electrons

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11
Q

what are isomers?

A

molecules with the same structural formula but different properties (the spatial arrangement of the atom differs)

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12
Q

macronutrients

A

account for 99% of dry weight of cells/ most abundant elements in cells
1. hydrogen
2. carbon
3. oxygen
4. nitrogen
5. phosphorous
6. sulfur

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13
Q

micronutrients

A
  1. sodium (Na)
  2. potassium (K)
  3. Magnesium (Mg)
  4. zinc (Zn)
  5. Iron (Fe)
  6. calcium (Ca)
  7. molybdenum (Mo)
  8. Copper (Cu)
  9. cobalt (Co)
  10. manganese (Mn)
  11. vanadium (V)
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14
Q

what is the four most abundant elements

A

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

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15
Q

C6 H12 O6

A

formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose

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16
Q

what is the key element in organic chemistry

A

carbon

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17
Q

organic molecules’ skeleton made out of what?

A

carbon held by covalent bonds

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18
Q

Hydroxyl functional group

A

O-H
(alcohols, monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleic acids)

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19
Q

Carboxyl group

A

-H-O-C –O
(amino acids, proteins, fatty acids)

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20
Q

Amino group

A

NH2
(amino acids, proteins)

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21
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

S-H
(amino acids, proteins)

22
Q

Methyl group

A

CH3
(methylated compounds such as methyl alcohols and methyl esters)

23
Q

Phosphate group

A

PO3H2
(Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP)

24
Q

Carbonyl group

A

O – C
(ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amides)

25
Q

Acids

A

Release H+ ions

26
Q

Bases

A

releases OH- ions

27
Q

Salts

A

held by ionic bonds but do not release H+ or OH- ions

28
Q

What does the pH go from?

A

0-14

29
Q

what does the lower pH numbers mean? (0-6)

A

-acidic solutions
-more H+ ions

30
Q

what does the upper pH numbers mean? (8-14)

A

-alkaline (basic)
-OH- ions

31
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

when atoms gain and lose electrons

32
Q

what is anion

A

when an atom gains electrons it becomes a negative ion

33
Q

what is a cation

A

when an atom loses an electron it becomes a positive ion

34
Q

what are electrolytes?

A

ions dissolved in solution

35
Q

sodium chloride (NaCl)

A

table salt

36
Q

covalent bonds

A

when atoms come together by sharing atoms

37
Q

what is a polar covalent bond?

A

when electrons are shared disproportionately due to one of the atoms having a larger electronegativity than the other

38
Q

what is an example of a polar covalent bond

A

H2O

39
Q

who does water interact with?

A

polar substances

40
Q

hydrogen bond

A

-the dipole-dipole attraction between molecules
-attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom

41
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • built from sugar molecules that with carbon atoms
  • (CH2O)n (n=number of carbons)
42
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • individual sugar molecule
  • they are put together by dehydration synthesis reactions to build the other larger molecules
43
Q

how are monosaccharides classified?

A
  • based on the number of carbon
  • trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses
44
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond (covalent bond)

45
Q

examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, and maltose

46
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

polymers composed of hundreds of monosaccharide monomers linked together by glycosidic bond

47
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch and glycogen and cellulose

48
Q

what are some structural polysaccharides?

A

-cellulose, N-acetyl glucosamine, and N-acetyl muramic acid

  • used in the construction of peptidoglycan or chitin
49
Q

basic fat

A

-triglyceride
-3 fatty acids attached by dehydration synthesis

50
Q

complex lipids

A

has a glycerol with 2 fatty acids attached plus a functional group
- ex. phosphate group - phospholipids

Microbiology Pt.2 (7 decks)

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