chapter 8 microbial metabolism

Question 1

catabolic reactions

Answer 1

that breakdown substances (nutrients) and
release energy

Question 2

anabolic reactions

Answer 2

build up new substances

using the energy and building blocks obtained from the catabolic reactions

Question 3

How is ATP produced

Answer 3

ADP + energy + P  ATP

Question 4

Phototroph

Answer 4

uses light for energy

Question 5

Chemotroph

Answer 5

uses chemicals as the energy source

Question 6

Autotroph

Answer 6

uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as the carbon source

Question 7

Heterotroph

Answer 7

uses an organic compound as the carbon source

Question 8

Chemoautotroph

Answer 8

use a chemical for energy but CO2 for carbon

Question 9

Chemoheterotroph

Answer 9

use chemical for both energy and carbon

Question 10

Photoheterotroph

Answer 10

light for energy but need an organic compound
for carbon

Question 11

Photoautotroph

Answer 11

photosynthetic organisms (light for energy and
CO2 for carbon)

Question 12

Organotrophs

Answer 12

energy from organic compounds

Question 13

Lithotrophs

Answer 13

energy from inorganic compounds (unique to
the microbial world)

Question 14

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Answer 14

has oxygen as a
byproduct

Question 15

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Answer 15

the byproduct is
not oxygen

Question 16

What do enzymes do?

Answer 16

lower the activation energy needed for the
reaction to occur

Question 17

what are enzymes made out of?

Answer 17

• proteins with cofactors
• protein part is called the apoenzyme
• protein with its cofactor is known as the
  holoenzyme

Question 18

coenzymes

Answer 18

Organic cofactors

Question 19

what are electron carriers?

Answer 19

NAD+ and FAD

Question 20

what is the reduced form of NAD+

Answer 20

NADH
(and the NADH
is now carrying the energy that was transferred)

Question 21

Oxidation reactions

Answer 21

molecules losing
electrons

Question 22

Reduction reactions

Answer 22

involve
molecules that gain electrons.

Question 23

how do cells extract energy

Answer 23

by oxidizing
them and the electrons being removed come off as hydrogen
atoms

Question 24

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 24

occurs when
an enzyme directly transfers a phosphoryl group
to ADP (generally happens within the reaction
sequence)

Question 25

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 25

involves reduced coenzymes passing electrons to an electron transport chain fueling the phosphorylation of ADP (happens across a membrane)

Question 26

Photophosphorylation

Answer 26

where light energy is used to activate electrons (only occurs in photosynthetic organisms)

Question 27

how many reactions do glycolysis have

Answer 27

10

Question 28

glycolysis

Answer 28

glucose is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules

Question 29

what does glycolysis produce

Answer 29

- net gain is 2 ATP - Also 2 NADH (reduced coenzymes) are produced

Question 30

what happens in the intermediate step

Answer 30

pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA

Question 31

what gets produced in the intermediate step?

Answer 31

CO2 is released and an NADH is formed

Question 32

why does the intermediate step happen twice?

Answer 32

- glycolysis resulted in 2 pyruvic acid molecules -2NADHs and 2 acetyl-CoAs are formed

Question 33

what is the net result of the kreb cycle?

Answer 33

- 3NADH, 1FADH2 plus an ATP (at the substrate level) - happens twice - 6NADH, 2FADH2 and 2ATP

Question 34

what happens in the electron transport train?

Answer 34

This is where the energy stored in the reduced coenzymes (NADH & FADH2) are used to produce variable amounts of ATP depending on whether it is being driven aerobically or anaerobically

Question 35

what are the results of the electron transport train?

Answer 35

NADH --- 3 ATP FADH2---- 2 ATP

Question 36

how many ATPs are produced per glucose molecule after the electron transport train

Answer 36

38

Question 37

per glucose molecule after glycolysis

Answer 37

2 ATP & 2NADH

Question 38

per glucose molecule after intermediate step

Answer 38

2 NADH

Question 39

per glucose molecule after kreb cycle

Answer 39

2ATP, 6NADH, & 2FADH2

Question 40

whats the math with the ATPs after the electron transport train

Answer 40

-4 ATPs have been produced prior to the electron transport chain - along with 10 NADH resulting in 30ATPs and 2 FADH2 resulting in 4 ATPs, so for a prokaryote working aerobically 4+30+4=38 total ATP (per glucose molecule)

Question 41

anaerobes

Answer 41

no oxygen

Question 42

aerobes

Answer 42

oxygen

Question 43

anaerobes produce _________ ATP

Answer 43

less

Question 44

Fermentation is used because...

Answer 44

organisms that do not have or cannot use respiratory chains can rely on fermentation to produce energy