chapter 4- reinforcemnet

Question 1

abolishing operations

Answer 1

(AO)- makes a reinforcer less potent

Question 2

acquisition

Answer 2

• the development of a new behaviour through reinforcement

Question 3

aversive stimulus

Answer 3

• the stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behaviour
• often seen as something painful, unpleasant or annoying

Question 4

avoidance behaviour

Answer 4

• the occurrence of the behaviour presents an aversive stimulus from occurring
• the person avoid the aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behaviour, and that behaviour when this warning stimulus is present

Question 5

backup reinforcer

Answer 5

• reinforcers used in a toke economy; a client receives tokens for desirable behaviours and exchange a specified number of tokens for any of a variety of backup reinforcers

Question 6

concurrent operant

Answer 6

• two or more different behaviours of reinforcement, and response options are concurrently available for the person; each response option is associated with a specific reinforcement schedule

Question 7

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

Answer 7

• schedules of reinforcement that exists at the same time for two or more different behaviours; which particular behaviour occurs at a particular time depends on the relative schedule of reinforcement, magnitude of reinforcement, delay of reinforcement, and response effort for the available behaviours

Question 8

conditioned reinfrocement

Answer 8

• a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired a number of times with an established reinforcers and consequently functions as a reinforcer itself

Question 9

consequence

Answer 9

• the stimulus or event occurring immediately after a behaviour

Question 10

contingency

Answer 10

• a relationship b/w a response and a consequence in which the consequence is presented if and only if the response occurs, when such a relationship exists the consequence is said to be contingent on the response
• when contingency exists, the consequence is more likely to enforce the response

Question 11

continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

Answer 11

• one where each occurrence of a response is reinforced

Question 12

deprivation

Answer 12

• type of establishing operation that increases the effectiveness of most unconditioned reinforcers and some conditioned reinforcers

Question 13

escape behaviour

Answer 13

• the occurrence of the behaviour results in the termination of an aversive that was already present when the behaviour occurred

Question 14

establishing operations

Answer 14

(EO)- makes a reinforcer more potent; established the effectiveness of a reinforcer

Question 15

fixed interval schedule

Answer 15

• the interval of time is fixed, or stays the same each time

Question 16

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 16

• a specific of fixed number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered
• the number of responses needed before the reinforcement is delivered does not change

Question 17

generalized conditioned reinforcement

Answer 17

• a conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with (exchanged for) an almost unlimited variety of reinforcers; money and praise generalized are conditioned reinforcers for many people

Question 18

intermittent reinforcement schedule

Answer 18

• each occurrence of the response is not reinforced; responses are occasionally to intermittently reinforced

Question 19

law of effect

Answer 19

The law of effect principle developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that responses closely followed by satisfaction will become firmly attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated.

Question 20

maintenance

Answer 20

• continuation of the behaviour change for a long period after the termination of a behaviour modification program; also continuation of an operant behaviour with intermittent behaviour

Question 21

motivating operations (MO)

Answer 21

• an antecedent stimulus or event that alters the value of a reinforcer and alters the probability of the behavior that produces that reinforcer

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

• a type of reinforcement in which the occurrence of the behaviour is followed by the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus; it results in increase in the future probability of the behaviour

Question 23

operant behaviour

Answer 23

• a behaviour that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement
• *acts on the environment to produce a consequence

Question 24

positive reinforcement

Answer 24

• a type of reinforcement in which contingent on the behaviour on the behaviour a stimulus or event is presented and the probability of the behaviour increases in the future

Question 25

premack principle

Answer 25

• one type of positive reinforcement in which the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behaviour is made contingent on the occurrence of a low-probability behaviour to increase the low-probability behaviour

Question 26

reinforcement

Answer 26

• the process in which the occurrence of a behaviour is followed by a consequence that results in an increase in the future probability of the behaviour

Question 27

reinforcer

Answer 27

• the consequence that strengthens an operant behaviour

Question 28

response effort

Answer 28

• the amount of force, exertion, or time involves in executing a response; withan increase in response effort for one behaviour, the probability of that behaviour decreases relative to the probability of functionally equivalent alternative behaviour

Question 29

secondary reinforcers

Answer 29

station

Question 30

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 30

• specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are followed by a reinforcer

Question 31

stimulus

Answer 31

• an object or event that can be detected by one of the senses and thus has the potential to influence the person

Question 32

token

Answer 32

• a conditioned reinforcer used in a token economy; the token is something that can be given to another person and accumulated by that person; the token is a conditioned reinforcer because it is given to the person after a desirable behaviour and is exchanged for established reinforcers called “back-up reinforcers”

Question 33

unconditioned reinforcement

Answer 33

• a stimulus that is naturally reinforcing because the capacity for our behaviour to be strengthened by the stimulus has survival value; no prior conditioning is necessary for an unconditioned reinforcer to be a reinforcer

Question 34

variable interval schedule

Answer 34

• the reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has elapsed

Question 35

variable ratio schedule

Answer 35

• a schedule of reinforcement in which a specified number of responses is needed for the delivery of the reinforcer; the number of responses needed around an average number
• *a reinforcer is delivered after an AVERAGE number of X RESPONSES

Question 36

positive reinforcer

Answer 36

• the stimulus that is presented or appears after the behaviour