Chapter 4: Skeletal System and Joint Actions Flashcards
What are the five primary functions of the skeletal system?
Calcium storehouse: Calcium and other minerals are stored within bone.
Blood cell production: Marrow within bone produces blood.
Movement: Bones come together to form joints that allow motion.
Structure and support: The skeleton provides the structure and support needed for movement. This structure separates humans from amoebas or jellyfish.
Protection: Without the skeleton, such essential organs as the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs would have no protection.
The bones that make up the human framework can be divided into the . . .
Axial and appendicular skeleton
List the 5 classifications of bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Sesamoid bones
Irregular bones
What are the characteristics of long bones?
- Hard, dense
- Provide strength, structure, and mobility
- Has a shaft and two ends
What are the characteristics of flat bones?
- Provide a large surface area for muscles to attach
- Somewhat flat and thin but may be curved, as in the ribs
What bones protect vital organs such as the spinal column and pelvis?
Irregular bones
What are sesamoid bones?
- A bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle
- Typically passes over an angular structure
- Provide a smooth surface for tendons to slide over
What do short bones provide?
Support and stability
What types of bones are the following?
Occipital Parietal Frontal Nasal Lacrimal Vomer Sternum Ribs Pelvis Coxal Shoulder Scupala
Long bones
Name the following types of bones
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Harnate Pisiform Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform
Short bones
List the five different regions of the vertebral (spinal) column
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
What’s the location of the 9 fused vertebrae?
5 within the sacrum
4 within the coccyx
What do the facet joints of the spine do?
- Guide flexion and extension
- Limit rotation (especially in the lower portion of the vertebral column)
What are the 3 bony protrusions where muscles and ligaments attach to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions?
- 1 spinous process on the back of the vertebrae
- 2 transverse processes on either side
How are bones formed?
-Bones are initially developed in the form of cartilage.
What happens at epiphyseal plate?
Bone growth near the end of immature bones
Cartilage cells divide to push newly formed cells toward the shaft of the bone
What are the 2 types of damage that bones can repair?
- Macro-damage: When a bone breaks into two or more pieces, requiring medical intervention
- Micro-damage: microscopic tears within the bone’s matrix.
- All bone is replaced every few years from the accumulation of microdamage and the subsequent repair process.
What is a stress fracture?
When activity levels drastically increase to the point where the balance between microdamage and repair can’t be maintained
What is the remodeling process?
Bone changing shape through an increase or decrease in diameter
What cell types drive the remodeling process?
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
What are the two types of connective tissues that cover long bones?
Periosteum
Endosteum
What is the medullary cavity?
Central cavity of the bone shaft where marrow is stored
What is compact (cortical) bone?
- Hard outer layer of dense tissue
- Strong, solid, and resistant to bending
What do spongy bones form?
-A latticework of bony structures called trabeculae
