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ISSA Strength & Conditioning > Chapter 4: Skeletal System & Joint Actions > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Skeletal System & Joint Actions Flashcards

1
Q

AXIAL SKELETON

A 
Forms the central axis of the body, mostly concerned with maintaining the structure of the body
-Consists of 80 bones:
     Skull
     Spine
     Ribs
     Sternum
     Sacrum
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2
Q

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A 
Supports the body's appendages & is mostly concerned with creating locomotor & manipulative movement
- Consists of 126 bones:
     60 in upper extremities
     60 in lower extremities
     2 in pelvic girdle
     4 in shoulder girdle
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3
Q

LONG BONES

A

Hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, & mobility

  • Comprised of shaft & 2 ends
  • Longer than they are wide with cylindrical shape
  • EX: tibia, fibula, etc.
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4
Q

FLAT BONES

A

Somewhat flat & thin, but may be curved

  • Protect internal organs & provide large surface area for muscles to attach
  • EX: bones of the skull
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5
Q

SHORT BONES

A

Typically cube shaped

  • Provide support & stability with little to no movement
  • EX: bones of wrists & ankles
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6
Q

SESAMOID BONES

A

Small, independent bone/bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure

  • Reinforce & protect tendons from stress or wear & tear
  • Typically in hands & feet
  • EX: patella
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7
Q

IRREGULAR BONES

A

Irregular, complex shaped bones (don’t fit into other classifications)

  • Protect organs
  • EX: vertebrae & ilium
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8
Q

FACET JOINTS

A

Joints between two adjacent vertebrae that guide & restrict movement of vertebral column

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9
Q

SPINOUS PROCESS

A

Bony protrusion on the posterior surface of a vertebrae where muscles & ligaments attach

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10
Q

TRANSVERSE PROCESS

A

Bony protrusion on the right & left sides of a vertebra where muscles & ligaments attach

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11
Q

OSSIFICATION

A

Hardening process of bones during development, replaces cartilage with harder bone
- Continues until full physical maturation (18-25 years old)

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12
Q

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

A

Location of bone growth near the end of immature bones, the place where bones grow longer
- Cartilage cells divide & push newly formed cells toward the shaft of the bone

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13
Q

EPIPHYSEAL LINE

A

Line of cartilage near the end of mature long bones, formed when epiphyseal plate closes
- Each long bone has one at each end

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14
Q

STRESS FRACTURE

A

Thin bone crack due to an accumulation of microdamage

- Can’t be seen with a normal X-ray, CT Scan must be used

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15
Q

X-RAY

A

Photographic or digital image of internal composition of bones & other hard tissues

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16
Q

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN

A

Sophisticated type of X-ray that creates images of bone, blood vessels, & soft tissues across multiple layers

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17
Q

REMODELING

A

When bone changes shape by either increasing or decreasing its diameter
- Depends on stress/lack of stress placed upon it

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18
Q

DEPOSITION

A

Adding new bone with osteoblasts

- EX: when client lifts relatively heavy weights, body responds by laying down extra bone to thicken bone’s diameter

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19
Q

RESORPTION

A

Removing bone with osteoclasts

- EX: in bedridden or paralyzed individuals, the body decreases bone’s diameter

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20
Q

WOLFF’S LAW

A

Theory that states that bone will adapt to the loads placed upon it

  • Bone adaptation
  • Developed by German surgeon, Julius Wolff
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21
Q

OSTEOCLASTS

A

Cells responsible for bone resorption, responsible for loss of bone when inactive or injured
- Chew up impaired bone tissue

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22
Q

OSTEOBLASTS

A

Cells responsible for bone deposition

- If stimulus for growth is present, osteoblasts lay down new bone

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23
Q

OSTEOCYTES

A

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone’s matrix

- Osteoblasts transform into osteocytes

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24
Q

PERIOSTEUM

A

Outer layer of connective tissue that covers long bone, where osteoblasts are located
- Contain cells responsible for growth, repair, & remodeling, as well as pain-sensitive nerve endings

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25
ENDOSTEUM
Connective tissue that covers the inside of bone & the medullary cavity
26
MEDULLARY CAVITY
Central cavity of the bone shaft | - Marrow storage
27
COMPACT BONE
Hard, dense outer layer of bone tissue that is resistant to bending - Makes up about 80% of one's skeletal mass - Cortical Bone
28
SPONGY BONE
Porous, light inner layer of bone tissue | - Trabecular/Cancellous Bone
29
TRABECULAE
Functional units of spongy bone
30
OSTEOPOROSIS
Bone disease characterized by a loss of bone mass & density | - Primarily due to the weakening of spongy bone, but compact bone thins as well
31
BONY PROTRUSION
Eminence on the surface of bones that increases strength & contact area for muscle attachments
32
OSTEONS (HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS)
Functional units of compact bone, vertically stacked units, each containing a nerve & one or two blood vessels - Spongy bone is less dense, so trabeculae contain a richer source of blood vessels
33
3 TYPES OF CARTILAGE
1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic Cartilage
34
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Bone-on-bone contact that results in joint pain & stiffness from loss of articular cartilage, common in athletes & older populations - Cartilage is degraded from overuse or aging
35
NOCICEPTORS
Pain-sensitive nerve endings located in periosteum & endosteum coverings of bone - Articular cartilage covers ends of moving bone & blocks the pain signal
36
HYALINE CARTILAGE
Transparent cartilage found on most joint surfaces & in the respiratory tract - Contains no nerves or blood vessels - Deformable but elastic - Most widespread type of cartilage - Referred to as articular cartilage when at the ends of bones, at articulation points
37
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Form of Hyaline Cartilage located on the joint surface of bones - Blocks pain signals sent by nociceptors & reduces compressive stress
38
FIBROCARTILAGE
Tough tissue in the intervertebral discs & at insertions of tendons & ligaments - Contains Type I & Type II cartilage - Also forms lateral & medial meniscus of the knee
39
MENISCUS
Form of fibrocartilage present in the knee, wrist, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, & temporomandibular joints
40
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Most pliable form of cartilage, present in outer ear, inner ear, & epiglottis - Gives shape to external ear & forms auditory tube of the middle ear
41
EPIGLOTTIS
Flap made of elastic cartilage that opens during breathing & closes during swallowing
42
LIGAMENT
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone; skeleton, bones & cartilage held together by this connective tissue - Strength derived from Type I collagen fibers (resist strain) - Possess some elastin (allows tissues to regain shape after stretching)
43
FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENTS
- Attach bone to bone - Passively stabilize & guide a joint - Resist excess movement at a joint - Allow brain to sense position of a joint in space
44
ELASTIN
Highly elastic protein found in connective tissue that allows it to return to its original shape after being stretched
45
3 TYPES OF LIGAMENTS
- Extrinsic - Intrinsic - Capsular
46
EXTRINSIC LIGAMENT
Ligament located on the outside of the joint; resists varus stress - EX: Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
47
INTRINSIC LIGAMENT
Ligament situated inside the joint; resists anterior & posterior movement - EX: ACL & PCL
48
CAPSULAR LIGAMENT
Ligament continuous with joint capsule; resists valgus stress, keep joint approximated - EX: Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
49
VARUS
Abnormal joint movement AWAY FROM midline of the body | - "bow legs" at the knee joint
50
JOINT CAPSULE
Thin, strong layer of connective tissue that contains synovial fluid in freely moving joints - Strength comes from Type I collagen fibers - Resist excess tension at the joint due to nerve innervation; can trigger reflex contractions of surrounding muscles to protect from joint damage
51
VALGUS
Abnormal joint movement TOWARD midline of the body | - Can result in "knock knees" at knee joint
52
CREEP
Harmless, temporary deformation of connective tissue - EX: bending to touch toes, ligaments within the spinal column stretch & then return to their original shape when upright
53
LAXITY
Permanent deformation of connective tissue caused by excessive stretching; ligament is stretched beyond its structural & functional ability - Makes joint less stable, resulting in excessive movement - Increased susceptibility to joint dislocation & osteoarthritis
54
TEAR
Partial or complete separation of tissue due to a stretch beyond its structural capacity; blood flow to ligaments is less than to muscle & bone, can take 6wks- 1 year to fully heal - Partial tear can heal with rest - Complete tear usually requires surgery
55
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Thin layer of connective tissue beneath joint capsule that makes lubricating fluid - Lubricates the joint & reduces friction during movement
56
3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF JOINTS
1. Fibrous Joints - Synarthrodial - Syndesmoses - Gomphosis 2. Cartilaginous Joints 3. Synovial Joints - Ball & Socket - Saddle - Hinge - Gliding - Pivot - Condyloid
57
FIBROUS JOINTS
Connected by dense connective tissue consisting of mainly collagen; "fixed" or "immovable" joints - 3 Types: 1. Synarthrodial 2. Syndesmoses 3. Gomphosis
58
3 TYPES OF FIBROUS JOINTS
1. Synarthrodial Joints: found in skull, during birth sutures are flexible to allow passage through birth canal - Become more rigid as you grow 2. Syndesmoses Joint: found between long bones - Only slightly mobile 3. Gomphosis: attach teeth to sockets of mandible & maxilla
59
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
Connected entirely by cartilage (either Hyaline or fibrocartilage), allow more movement between bones than fibrous joint, but less than synovial joints - Divided into primary & secondary joints - Primary: epiphyseal plates - Secondary: manubriosternal joint, intervertebral discs, & symphysis pubis
60
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Most movable joints; bones are separated by synovial cavity made of dense, irregular connective tissue; "diarthrosis" joints - Join bones with a fibrous joint capsule that's continuous with the periosteum of joined bones, constitute the outer boundary of a synovial cavity & surround the bone's articulating surfaces - Categorized by type of movement they allow
61
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
- Ball & Socket (Enarthrodial) - Saddle (Sellar) - Hinge (Ginglymus) - Gliding (Arthrodial) - Pivot (Trochoidal) - Condyloid (Ellipsoid)

ISSA Strength & Conditioning (9 decks)

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