Chapter 4 - Socialization

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

the process by which people learn to function in social life and become aware of themselves as they interact with others

Question 2

Role

Answer 2

the behaviour expected of a person occupying a particular position in society

Question 3

Self (definition and who)

Answer 3

• consists of your ideas and attitudes about who you are as an independent being
• Sigmund Freud

Question 4

The I (definition and who)

Answer 4

• the subjective and impulsive aspect of the self that is present from birth
• who: Mead

Question 5

The Me (definition and who)

Answer 5

• the objective component of the self that emerges as people communicate symbolically and learn to take the role of the other
• who: Mead

Question 6

Significant Others

Answer 6

people who play important roles in the early socialization experiences of children

Question 7

Generalized Other (definition and who)

Answer 7

• a person’s image of cultural standards, and how they apply to him or her
• who: Mead

Question 8

The Life Course

Answer 8

the distinct phases of life through which people pass. these stages vary from one society and historical period to another

Question 9

Rites of Passage

Answer 9

cultural ceremonies that mark the transition from one stage of life to another

Question 10

Age Cohort

Answer 10

a category of people born in the same range of years

Question 11

Age Roles

Answer 11

norms and expectations about the behaviour of people in different age cohorts

Question 12

Generation

Answer 12

an age cohort that shares unique formative experiences during the first few decades of life, which help to shape a collective identity and set of values

Question 13

The Social Environment

Answer 13

composed of others to whom individuals must adapt to satisfy their own needs and interests

Question 14

Adaptation

Answer 14

the process of changing one’s actions to maximize the degree to which an environment satisfies one’s needs and interests

Question 15

Primary Socialization

Answer 15

the process of acquiring the basic skills needed to function in society during childhood; usually takes place in a family

Question 16

Secondary Socialization

Answer 16

socialization outside the family after childhood

Question 17

Hidden Curriculum

Answer 17

in school involves teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms

Question 18

Thomas Theorem

Answer 18

states “situations we define as real become real in their consequences

Question 19

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 19

an expectation that helps bring about what it predicts

Question 20

Peer Group

Answer 20

consists of individuals who are about the same age and similar status. acts as an agent of socialization

Question 21

Status

Answer 21

a recognized social position an individual can occupy

Question 22

Cyber-Bullying

Answer 22

the use of electronic communications technology to threaten, harass, embarrass, or socially exclude others

Question 23

Gender Roles

Answer 23

the set of behaviours associated with widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act

Question 24

Virtual Communities

Answer 24

associations of people scattered across the country or the planet who communicate via computer about subjects of common interest

Question 25

Resocialization

Answer 25

occurs when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in a person’s values, roles, and self-conception, sometimes against a person’s will

Question 26

Initiation Rights

Answer 26

rituals that signify transition from one group to another and ensure loyalty to the new group

Question 27

Total Institutions (definition and who)

Answer 27

- settings in which people are isolated from the larger society and under the strict control and constant supervision of a specialized staff - Erving Goffman

Question 28

Anticipatory Socialization

Answer 28

involves taking on the norms and behaviours of a role to which we aspire

Question 29

Digital Technologies

Answer 29

social media, the internet, and other electronic tools that generate, store, or process data as a series of 1s and 0s

Question 30

Looking-Glass Self (definition and who)

Answer 30

- we imagine how we must appear to others, the judgment of that appearance, and then we develop our ‘self’ through the judgments of others - Charles Horton Cooley

Question 31

Meads Theory of Self

Answer 31

1. Imitation of Significant Others 2. Pretending (playing doctor, house, school, etc) 3. Playing Complex Games (take roles of several others) 4. Developing a sense of cultural standards through the generalized other

Question 32

Canada's 5 Identifiable Generations (name, years, key traits, values)

Answer 32

``` 1. The Greatest Generation (1901-1928) - great depression - WWII - rules, discipline, thriftiness, conformity, hard work, trust in government ``` 2. The Silent Generation (1929-1945) - traditionalist or lucky generation - rules, discipline, thriftiness, conformity, hard work, trust in government 3. Baby Boomers (1946-1965) - trudeaumania, rock music - civil rights, Vietnam war, sexual revolution, feminism - anti-war, anti-government, equal rights, involvement, personal gratification ``` 4. Generation X (1966-1981) - latchkey kids - increase in divorce rates - slow economic growth, mcjobs - skeptical, individualistic, lack of loyalty to an organization, conservative with money ``` ``` 5. Millennials (1982-2000) - technology - school shootings, terrorist attacks - self esteem movement in education - achievement, fun, civic duty, sociability, take technological advances for granted ```

Question 33

3 Stage Ceremony of Rites of Passage (names and definitions)

Answer 33

1. ritual rejection = the new member separates from the old status and identity 2. ritual death = the new member experiences degradation, disorientation, and stress 3. ritual rebirth = the new members accepts the new group culture and status

Question 34

Functionalist Theory of Socialization

Answer 34

socialization helps to maintain orderly social relations while minimizing individual freedom

Question 35

Feminist and Conflict Theories of Socialization

Answer 35

emphasize the discord that occurs during socialization based on class, gender, and other divisions

Question 36

Symbolic Interactionist Theory of Socialization

Answer 36

individual creativity allows individuals to attach meaning to their social surroundings, thus highlighting how individuals often step outside of, and modify, values and roles that authorities try to teach them

Question 37

Which theory defines the perspectives of George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley?

Answer 37

Symbolic Interactionist

Question 38

3 Parts of Self

Answer 38

Id, Superego, Ego

Question 39

Id (definition and who)

Answer 39

- part of self that demands immediate gratification (primary process thinking – operates on the ‘pleasure principle’) - Sigmund Freud

Question 40

Superego (definition and who)

Answer 40

- personal conscience - part of self that acts as repository of cultural standards, morals and values - operates based on ‘moral’ / cultural imperatives - Sigmund Freud

Question 41

Ego (definition and who)

Answer 41

- psychological mechanism that attempts to exact a maintain an equilibrium between the conflicting needs of pleasure-seeking id and restraining superego - Sigmund Freud

Question 42

Rational Ego

Answer 42

part of the psyche that is (usually) reflected most directly in a person’s actions