Chapter 7 - Deviance and Crime

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

occurs when someone departs from a norm and evokes a negative reaction from others

Question 2

Laws

Answer 2

norms specified and enforced by government bodies

Question 3

Crime

Answer 3

deviance that breaks the law

Question 4

Informal Punishment

Answer 4

involves a mild sanction that is imposed during face to face interaction, not by the judicial system

Question 5

Stigmatized

Answer 5

people are negatively evaluated because of a marker that distinguishes them from others and that is labelled as socially unacceptable

Question 6

Formal Punishment

Answer 6

the judicial system penalizes someone for breaking a law

Question 7

Social Diversions

Answer 7

minor acts of deviance, generally perceived as harmless. they evoke (at most) a mild societal reaction

Question 8

Social Deviations

Answer 8

non-criminal departures from norms that are subject to official control

Question 9

Conflict Crimes

Answer 9

illegal acts, many find harmful to society, yet some people don’t. punishable by state

Question 10

Consensus Crime

Answer 10

illegal acts that almost everyone agree are bad in themselves, and harm society greatly. state inflicts severe punishment for these crimes

Question 11

Self Report Surveys

Answer 11

respondents are asked to report their involvement in criminal activities, either as perpetrators or victims

Question 12

Victimless Crimes

Answer 12

involve violations of the law of which no victim steps forward and is identified

Question 13

Victimization Surveys

Answer 13

people are asked whether they have been victims of crimes

Question 14

Street Crimes

Answer 14

include anon, break and enter, assault, and other illegal acts disproportionately committed by people of lower classes

Question 15

White-Collar Crimes

Answer 15

illegal acts committed by respectable, high-class and high status persons in the course of their work

Question 16

Labelling Theory

Answer 16

deviance results not so much from the actions of the deviant as from the response of others, who label the rule breaker as deviant

Question 17

Strain Theory

Answer 17

people may turn to deviance when they experience strain. strain results when a culture teaches people the value of material success and society fails to provide enough legitimate opportunities for everyone to succeed

Question 18

Subculture

Answer 18

a set of distinctive values, norms, and practices within a larger culture

Question 19

Control Theory

Answer 19

the rewards of deviance and crime are sufficient, therefore nearly everyone would engage in deviance and crime if they could get away with it. from this point of view, the degree to which people are prevented from violating norms and laws accounts for variations int he level of deviance and crime

Question 20

Social Control

Answer 20

the ways in which a social system attempts to regulate people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance, and behaviour

Question 21

Internal Social Control

Answer 21

regulates people through socialization and shapes people’s minds so they come to regard deviant actions as undesirable

Question 22

External Social Control

Answer 22

regulates people by imposing punishments and offering rewards

Question 23

Panopticon

Answer 23

prison design that allows inmates to be constantly observed without their knowledge

Question 24

Surveillance Society

Answer 24

uses all-encompassing surveillance technology to optimize social control

Question 25

Moral Panic

Answer 25

an extreme over-response that occurs when many people strongly believe that some form of deviance or crime poses a profound threat to society's well-being

Question 26

Recidivism Rate

Answer 26

the rate at which convicted offenders commit another crime

Question 27

Examples of Informal Punishment

Answer 27

gossip, raises eyebrows, shaming, stigmatization

Question 28

Examples of Formal Punishment

Answer 28

sentences for prison time or community service

Question 29

4 Types of Deviance and Crime

Answer 29

1. Social Diversions 2. Social Deviations 3. Conflict Crimes 4. Consensus Crimes

Question 30

4 Explanations for Decline in Canadian Crime Rates

Answer 30

1. growing number of well-trained law enforcement officers are fighting crime 2. young men are most prone to committing crimes, however the number of young people int he population is declining 3. the unemployment rate is strongly correlated with the crime rate, however Canada's economy has grown 4. legalization of abortion

Question 31

3 Stage Process to Regular Marijuana Usage

Answer 31

1. learning to smoke the drug in a way that produces real effects 2. learning to recognize the effects and connect them with drug use 3. learning to enjoy the perceived sensations

Question 32

Symbolic Interactionist Approaches to deviance and Crime (2)

Answer 32

- learning deviance | - labelling theory

Question 33

Functionalist Theory Approaches to Deviance and Crime (3)

Answer 33

- society benefits from deviance and crime (durkheim) - strain theory (merton) - criminal subcultures

Question 34

Conflict Theory Approaches to Deviance and Crime (2)

Answer 34

- social control | - the rich and powerful impose deviant and criminal labels on others

Question 35

In what year was capital punishment abolished in Canada?

Answer 35

1976

Question 36

Rationales for Imprisonment

Answer 36

incapacitation, rehabilitation, deterrence, revenge

Question 37

Alternatives to Imprisonment

Answer 37

community service, fines, victims-offender reconciliation

Question 38

What are the main trends in social control and regulation?

Answer 38

surveillance society, deviance has become medicalized, imprisonment has become a favoured means of social control, moral panics help increase the incarceration rate

Question 39

Who benefits from Moral Panic and why?

Answer 39

Mass media: allows them to rake in hefty profits The criminal justice system: allows them to increase spending on crime prevention, control, and punishment Politicians: some base their entire careers on get-tough policies.

Question 40

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Answer 40

listing of the number of criminal offences occurring in each police service’s jurisdiction. every police service is required to report the number of criminal offences monthly, data forwarded to the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS)

Question 41

According to Travis Hirschi, who is most prone to deviance and crime (1) and what are they most likely to lack (4)?

Answer 41

- adolescents are most prone to deviance and crime. 1. social attachments to respectable role models. 2. legitimate opportunities for education and a good job. 3. involvements in conventional institutions. 4. beliefs in traditional values and morality.

Question 42

Bill C10 - 'Tough on Crime' (5)

Answer 42

- build more prisons - put more criminals in prison - increases to maximum prison sentences - new mandatory minimum sentences - police empowered to make more arrests

Question 43

What are the possible outcomes to Bill C10 - 'tough on crime'

Answer 43

- once in ‘the system’ - come into contact with ‘real hardened’ criminals (reintegration back into society?) - restorative justice (e.g. family group conferences / healing circles) will be compromised / terminated altogether