Chapter 4 - The Atom Flashcards by Jacquelyn Culley

Who was one of the first people to introduce atomic theory?

Powerpoint

Leucippus (and his student Democritus)
400BC

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What was the original name for the atom and what did it mean?

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atomos - indivisible

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Who was John Dalton, what did he do, and when?

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English chemist
developed atomic theory based on evidence
theorized molecules and compounds
atomic model was a sphere
1800s

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Who was Dmitri Mendeleev, what did he do, and when?

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developed periodic table of elements
theorized atomic similarity based on weight
1869

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Who was Joseph John Thomson, and what did he do?

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discovered the existence of electrons
atomic model was positive spherical mass with negatively charged electrons suspended inside

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Who was Ernest Rutherford, and what did he do?

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gold foil experiment
discovered there was space between the positive nucleus and the electrons and created a new atomic model to reflect this

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Who was Niels Bohr, and what did he do?

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concluded each atom’s properties are unique
came up with atomic model that has electrons in a series of orbits

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What is an atom called when it loses an electron and becomes positively charged?

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CATION / POSITIVE ION

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What is an atom called when it gains an electron and becomes negatively charged?

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ANION / NEGATIVE ION

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What is the nuclear force that holds atoms together called?

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BINDING ENERGY

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What is the formula used to determine the maximum number of electrons that can go in a shell?

2n^2
n = electron shell number

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What is the octet rule?

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rule in electron configuration that the valence (outermost) shell of an atom can never have more than 8 electrons in it

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What does the atomic number tells us about an atom?

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how many protons it contains
Z number (subscript)

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What does the atomic mass number tells us about an atom?

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how many protons AND neutrons it contains
A number (superscript)

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What is an ISOTOPE?

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atom with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

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What are the rows of the periodic table called?

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PERIODS

What are the columns of the periodic table called?

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GROUPS

What is the type of bond in which one atom gives an electron to another atom?

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IONIC BOND

What is the type of bond in which two atoms share an electron?

Powerpoint

COVALENT BOND

What is an atom called when it gains an electron and becomes negatively charged?

Book

ANION / NEGATIVE ION

What is an atom called when it gains an electron and becomes negatively charged?

Powerpoint

ANION / NEGATIVE ION

In the periodic chart of elements, the group numbers are based on:

Review

HOW MANY ELECTRONS ARE IN THE VALENCE SHELL

What is defined as the volume of space within an atom in which a pair of electrons must reside?

Review

ORBITAL

Compared to an electron, how much more massive is a neutron?

Review

A NEUTRON IS MORE MASSIVE THAN AN ELECTRON BY THE MASS OF ONE PROTON

Which type of chemical bonding between atoms occurs because of a “defect” in the distribution of negative charge that forms a smooth screen around the atom? ## Footnote Review

COVALENT BOND

Why is an ionized atom able to affect other atoms from a substantial distance? ## Footnote Review

IT HAS A CHARGE AND THIS CHARGE WILL ATTRACT AN OPPOSITE CHARGE DUE TO ELECTRICAL FORCES

In the anode disc of an x-ray tube, what “knocks” electrons out of their normal shells in the tungsten atoms? ## Footnote Review

HIGH SPEED ELECTRONS FROM THE CATHODE FILAMENT

What is defined as an atom which is unstable due to an N number well outside the normal range? ## Footnote Review

RADIOISOTOPE

What is defined as the “splitting” of an atomic nucleus? ## Footnote Review

NUCLEAR FISSION

When a beta particle is emitted from a radioactive atom, what happens to its atomic number? ## Footnote Review

ITS ATOMIC NUMBER INCREASES BY 1 BECAUSE A NEUTRON DECAYS TO LEAVE A PROTON AND EMIT AN ELECTRON

When gamma radiation is emitted from a radioactive atom, what happens to its A number? ## Footnote Review

IT DOES NOT CHANGE - ONLY WAVE ENERGY IS LOST, NOTHING IS TRANSMUTED

As a result of an alpha particle being emitted from an atom, which way and how far does the atom move on the periodic chart? ## Footnote Review

THE ATOM MOVES TWO PLACES TO THE LEFT BECAUSE IT IS LOSING TWO PROTONS - PROTONS MAKE UP THE Z NUMBER

The lowest energy level possible for a particular atomic nucleus is called its: ## Footnote Review

GROUND STATE

What is defined as the forcing together of two smaller nuclei to form a single, larger nucleus? ## Footnote Book

NUCLEAR FUSION

What is a radionuclide? ## Footnote Book

any atom which is radioactive

What does it mean to be radioactive? ## Footnote Book

a radioactive atom has an unstable nucleus due to having too many or too few of neutrons

What describes the changing of one element to another by radioactive decay? ## Footnote Book

TRANSMUTATION

What is an isomer? ## Footnote Book

an element that has emitted an alpha particle and has some energy left in the nucleus as a result - it will emit a gamma ray to get rid of this excess energy and become more stable