Chapter 1 - Introduction to Radiographic Sciences Flashcards by Jacquelyn Culley

What are the 5 foundational principles of the scientific method?

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PARSIMONY
REPRODUCIBILITY
FALSIFIABILITY
OBSERVATION
MEASURABILITY

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What is PARSIMONY?

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the attempt to simplify concepts and formulas; the philosophy that simple explanations are more likely to be true than elaborate, complex ones

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What is REPRODUCIBILITY?

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the requirement that proofs can be duplicated by different people at different times/locations with precisely the same results

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What is FALSIFIABILITY?

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the requirement that any theory or hypothesis can logically and logistically be proven FALSE

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What is OBSERVATION?

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the requirement that experiments and their results can be directly observed with the human senses

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What is MEASURABILITY?

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the requirement that results can be quantified mathematically and measured

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Aspect of the scientific method in which when a theory is found to be wrong, that field of science is expected to transcend external beliefs/incentives to establish the new truth that will replace it

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SELF-CORRECTION

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Was manmade radiation invented BEFORE or AFTER natural radiation was discovered?

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BEFORE

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Who discovered X-Rays and when?

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Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Nov. 8, 1895

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Who discovered natural radioactivity and when?

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Antoine Henri Becquerel
1896

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Describe how Roentgen discovered xrays and what equipment was he using?

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During an experiment with a Crookes tube (cathode ray tube) that was shielded in cardboard, he noticed a sheet coated in barium platinocyanide outside of the path of the cathode rays was glowing.

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What was the subject of the first radiograph?

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Roentgen’s wife’s hand & ring

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What are the 3 distinct types of radiation discovered by Becquerel?

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alpha
beta
gamma

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Who developed the fluoroscope and when?

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Thomas Edison
1896

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What is fluoroscopy?

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real-time viewing of dynamic radiographic images

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What is CR and when was it commercialized?

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COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY - 1980s
cassettes are exposed and then read on a separate machine - needs to be read/erased before another use

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In what way was CR considered a step backward from film?

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technique required almost doubled

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What is DR and when was it first used?

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DIRECT DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY - 1996
miniature x-ray detectors in the imaging plate are able to directly capture a digital image - can be used for repeated exposures with no need to read/erase/develop

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What is the ability to change brightness, contrast, collimation and other aspects of the image after the fact?

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POST-PROCESSING

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What does it mean to IONIZE an atom?

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radiation strikes an atom with sufficient energy to eject an electron from that atom

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What accounts for approximately two-thirds of all natural radiation exposure to the human population?

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RADON GAS

Review Questions

Digital radiographic imaging had to wait for what two technological developments to occur?

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COMPUTER POWER & MINIATURIZATION TECHNOLOGY

Review Questions

What are the three broad categories of radiation:

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PARTICLES
MECHANICAL WAVES IN A MEDIUM
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Review Questions

All of the physical, chemical and biological changes that can be caused by x-rays are due to their ability to ____ atoms of any material.

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IONIZE

# Review Questions A radiographer's average annual occupational exposure to radiation is about equal to ____ radiation accumulated each year. ## Footnote Book

NATURALLY-OCCURRING

The three types of measurement quantities are ____, ____, and ___. | GOT WRONG ## Footnote Quiz Questions

FUNDAMENTAL, DERIVED, AND RADIOLOGIC

Who was William Crookes, what did he invent, and when? ## Footnote PowerPoint

A chemist who invented the Crookes tube in the 1870s

Who is the first known death attributed to radiation exposure? ## Footnote PowerPoint

Clarence Daly - Thomas Edison's assistant

What are 6 derived quantities of measure? ## Footnote PowerPoint

- velocity - acceleration - force - momentum - work - power

What are 4 radiologic quantities of measure? ## Footnote PowerPoint

- dose - dose equivalent - exposure - radioactivity

What is length? ## Footnote PowerPoint

the measurement of something from end to end (m/ft)

What is time? ## Footnote PowerPoint

an atomic measure based on the speed of vibration of cesium atoms

What is velocity? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measurement of speed equal to distance traveled per unit of time (m/s / ft/s) V=D/T

What is acceleration? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measurement of a change in velocity (m/s^2) A=(Vf-Vo)/T

What is force? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of the action that changes the motion of an object (N) F=ma

What is momentum? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of mass in motion (kg-m/s) P=mv

What is work? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of force applied to an object times the distance in which it was applied (J) Work = Fd

What is power? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of work divided by the time it took to do the work (W) P = Work/T

What is inertia? ## Footnote PowerPoint

the property or an object with mass to resist changes in its state of motion (PROPERTY OF MATTER - not a measurable quantity)

What is energy? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of the ability to do work (J) E = mc^2

What is intensity in air? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of the number of electrons liberated by ionization per unit of mass Coulomb/kg (C/kg) or Roentgen (R)

What is absorbed dose? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of the amount of radiation that is being absorbed by tissue Grays (Gy) or rads

What is equivalent dose? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of how much biologic damage can be expected in an organ based on absorbed dose and type of radiation used Sieverts (Sv) or rem

What is effective dose? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of the whole body dose - considers equivalent dose and accounts for dose to specific organs/organ systems **BEST ESTIMATE OF OVERALL HARM

What is activity? ## Footnote PowerPoint

measure of a quantity of radioactive material Becquerels (Bq) or Curies (Ci)

What are the 2 main types of x-ray equipment? ## Footnote PowerPoint

MOBILE and FIXED units

What are the 3 best ways to reduce personal exposure? ## Footnote PowerPoint

- distance - shielding - time

What is the best way to reduce patient exposure? ## Footnote PowerPoint

beam restriction (collimation)

What is the result of insufficient kVp? ## Footnote PowerPoint

insufficient beam strength causes most of the radiation to be absorbed by the patient and an underexposed image

What is the result of using too much mAs? ## Footnote PowerPoint

may get an ok image due to post-processing, but knowingly overexposes patient and violates ethics

In what stage of pregnancy is a fetus most radiosensitive? ## Footnote PowerPoint

first trimester