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A&P > Chapter 4: The Study Of Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Study Of Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Classification is based on 3 things

A
  1. Structure of the cells
  2. Composition of extracellular matrix - noncellular substance surrounding the cells
  3. Cell function
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2
Q

Epithelial

A

Cells at a surface and contact each other

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3
Q

Connective

A

Connects the other three tissue types

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4
Q

Muscle

A

Special properties - contract

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5
Q

Nervous

A

Special properties - Signals

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6
Q

Biopsy

A

For diagnostic purpose. The process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or without a needle for diagnostic purposes.

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7
Q

Autopsy

A

Examination of organs to determine cause of death

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8
Q

Epithelium Characteristics

A 
A. Almost entirely cells 
B. Covers body surfaces and forms glands
1. Outside 
2. Lining inside 
C. Has free and basal surfaces 
D. Basement membrane 
E. Avascular 
F. Undergoes mitosis
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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

Extracellular secretions from epithelium and connective tissue - “glue”

  1. Attaches to connective tissue
  2. Guides cell migration for tissue repair
  3. Filter- nephron of kidney
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10
Q

4 primary types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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11
Q

Basement membrane

A

Specialized type of extracellular material secreted epithelial and connective tissue cells.

  1. Attaches to connective tissue
  2. Guides cells migration for tissue repair
  3. Filter- nephron of kidney
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12
Q

Functions - Epithelial Tissue

A

A. Layers and shapes - determines function:
- diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption, protection
B. Cell surface:
1. Smooth: reduces friction
2. Microvilli ( brush border): increase surface area for absorption or secretion
C. Cilia: move materials across cell surface

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13
Q

Classification - Epithelium

A

A. Number of layers of cells
1. Simple 2. Stratified 3. Pseudostratifie
B shape of cells
1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar

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14
Q

Simple

A

One layer

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15
Q

Stratified

A

More than one layer

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16
Q

Pseudostratified

A

Appears to be stratified, but all cells are attached to basement membrane

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17
Q

Squamous

A

Flat, scale-like

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18
Q

Cuboidal

A

About equal in height and width

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19
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than wide

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20
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Where - lining of blood vessels (endothelium), alveoli of the lungs
What - diffusion, filtration

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21
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Where: microvilli in kidney tubes
What: secretion, absorption

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22
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Where: GI tract - microvilli; lungs - cilli
What: secretion and absorption; or particle movement

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23
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Where: a. moist - mouth, throat, esophagus
b. Keratinized - skin
What: protection from abrasion, chemicals, water loss, infection.

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24
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Where: sweat glands ducts
What: secretion, absorption

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25
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Where: mammary gland duct What: secretion
26
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Appears stratified but nuclei at versus levels always ciliated - have goblet cells -> mucous Where: nasal sinuses, bronchi of lungs What: secrete mucus, move mucus
27
Transitional Epithelium
Stratified. Also cells change shape when distended Where: lining urinary bladder, ureters What: stretch with volume changes of organ
28
Cell connections - functions
Bind cells together Permeability layer (barrier) Intercellular communication
29
Bind cells together
Desmosomes
30
Permeability layer (barrier)
Tight junctions
31
Intercellular communication
Gap junctions - a special contact region between cells
32
Glands - secretory organs
A. Types of glands 1. Endocrine: no ducts (hormones) 2. Exocrine: ducts B. Exocrine glands classified by structure or by ethnic of secretion C. Classified by structure (number of cells) 1. Unicellular: goblet cells 2. Multicellular: most glands
33
Classified by structure (types of glands) 1. Simple: ducts with few branches 2. Compound: ducts with many branches
1. Simple: ducts with few branches | 2. Compound: ducts with many branches
34
Classified by method of secretion
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine
35
Merocrine
Secretion with no loss of cytoplasm (sweat)
36
Apocrine
Fragments in secretion - cell pinches off (mammary)
37
Holocrine
Whole cells is part of secretion (sebaceous)
38
Connective tissue
A. Abundant - found in every organ B. Cells separated by extracellular matrix C. Many types and wide variety of functions
39
Functions of connective tissue
1. Enclose organs - Capsule. Separate organs into layers 2. Connect tissue - tendons and ligaments 3. Support and movement - bones 4. Storage - fat 5. Cushion/ insulate - fat 6. Transport - blood 7. Protect - cells of immune systems
40
Connective tissue: cells
1. Specialized cells produce extracellular matrix 2. Descriptive word stems A. Blasts: create matrix (osteoblasts) B. Cytes: maintain matrix (chondrocytes) C. Clasts: breakdown for remodeling (osteoclasts)
41
Blasts
Create matrix osteoblast
42
Ctyes
Maintain mates (chondrocytes)
43
Clasts
Break down for remodeling (osteoclasts)
44
Connective tissue: cells (cont)
3. Adipose or fat cells 4. Mast cells. Contain herparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes 5. White blood cells. Respond to injury/ infection 6. Macrophages. Phagocytize to provide protection A. Fixed B. Wandering- move through connect tissue Undifferentiated mesenchyme (stem cells)
45
Connective tissue: Extracellular Matrix
1. Protein fibers 2. Ground substance 3. Fluid
46
Collagen fibers
Most common protein fibers
47
Reticular fibers
Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagen- forms branching network
48
Elastic fibers
Returning to original shape.
49
Ground substance
Shapeless background
50
Hyaluronic acid
Polysaccharide -> lubricant for joint cavities.
51
Proteoglycans
Protein + polysaccharide. Traps large amounts of water
52
Adhesive molecules:
Holds proteoglycans together
53
Loose connective tissue
A. Loose packing material of moist organs& tissue | B. Attaches skin to underlying tissues.
54
Dense regular connective tissue
Has abundant collagen fibers- resists stretching Tendons: muscles to bones Ligaments: bones to bones
55
Dense irregular collagenous
Protein fibers- randomly oriented. Tough | Most if dermis if skin
56
Epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium
57
Dermis
Dense irregular collagenous
58
Hypodermis
(Subcutaneous) - loose
59
Connective tissue - special properties
Adipose a. Yellow. Most abundant. White a birth. Yellows with age b. brown. In axillae. Neck - more in babies Regular tissue A. Lymphatic and hemoietic tissues B. Spaces between cells contain white blood cells and dendritic cells
60
Types of cartilage
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
61
Bone
``` A. Hard connective tissue: living cells B. Matrix: strength and rigidity - organic: collagen fibers - inorganic: hydroxyapatite C. Osteocytes located in lacunae ```
62
Bone types
Cancellous or spongey | Compact
63
Cancellous or spongey
Trabeculae of bone with spaces. Looks like a sponge. Found inside bone
64
Compact
Concentric layers around a central canal Periphery of bone.
65
Blood
A. Matrix - liquid - plasma B. Formed elements: red cells, white cells, platelets C. Hemopoietic tissue - in red marrow
66
Hemopoietic tissue
1. Forms blood cells. Found in red bone marrow 2. Types of bone marrow Red - hemopoietic tissue. Makes red & white cells Yellow - yellow adipose tissue 3. As children grow, yellow marrow replaces red marrow
67
Muscle tissue characteristics
Contracts or shortens with force | Moves body; pumps blood
68
Muscle types
Skeletal: attached to skeleton. Strained and voluntary Cardiac: heart. Striated and involuntary Smooth: muscle of tubular structures and skin
69
Nervous Tissue
Neurons or nerve cells - produce action potentials
70
Nervous Tissue parts
Cell body Axon Dendrite
71
Cell body
Contains nucleus
72
Axon:
cell process conducts impulses away from cell body; usually one per neuron
73
Dentrite
Cell process recieve impulses from other neurons; many per neuron
74
Nervous Tissue types
Multipolar Bipolar Pseudo- unipolar
75
Neuroglia
- Supports cells of brain, spinal cord and nerves | - Nourish, protect, and insulate neurons
76
Mucous membrane
Lines cavities that open outside | Secrete mucus
77
Serous membrane
Line cavities not open to outside | Simple squamous epithelium
78
Synovial membrane
Line movable joints | Produce hyaluronic acid
79
Inflammatory manifestations
``` Redness Heat Swelling Pain Disturbance of function ```

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