Chapter 8: Articulations and Movement

Question 1

Articulation or Joint

Answer 1

1. Place where two bones (or cartilage) come together.
2. Freely movable, limited, or no apparent movement.
3. Structure correlated with movement

Question 2

Articulation or Joints named in 3 ways

Answer 2

1. according to bones/parts united (temporo-maindibular).
2. according to only one of bones (humeral).
3. by Latin equivalent of common name (cubital).

Question 3

Fibrous Joint

Answer 3

• United by fibrous connective tissue.
• No joint cavity
• Moves little to none.
• Types: structures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

Question 4

Structures of Fibrous Joints

Answer 4

• Bones interdigitate

Question 5

Syndesmoses

Answer 5

a. Bones are farther apart than in suture joints- joined by ligaments.
b. Some movement (radioulnar or interosseus membrane.

Question 6

Gomphoses

Answer 6

a. Specialized
b. Pegs fit into sockets
c. Peridontal ligaments: keeps teeth in place.
d. Gingivitis (inflammation) - Periodontal disease

Question 7

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

United by hyaline or fibrocartilage.

Question 8

Synchrondroses

Answer 8

a. Hylaine cartilage
b. Little or no movement
c. most are temporary - replaced by synostosis.
d. Some are permanent.
e. Some costochondral joints develop into synovial joints.

Question 9

Symphyses

Answer 9

a. Fibrocatrilage

b. Slightly movable

Question 10

Change in symhysis

Answer 10

Pregnancy - estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin - symphysis becomes more “stretchable.”

• joint can relax some.
• after delivery, joint goes back to original condition

Question 11

Synovial Joints

Answer 11

a. synovial fluid
b. considerable movement
c. most joints of appendicular skeleton
d. complex

Question 12

Structure of Synovial Joints

Answer 12

a. Bursae - pockets of synovial membrane
- lf the fluid from joint= Bursitis
b. Articular discs: (TMJ, sternoclavicular, acromicoclavicular.
c. Menisci: Fibrocartilaginous pads (knee)
d. Tendon sheaths: synovial sacs surround tendons

Question 13

Movements at Synovial joints

Answer 13

Uniaxial: occuring around 1 axis
Biaxial: occuring around 2 axes at right angles to each other.
Multiaxial: occuring around several axes

Question 14

Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 14

Plane, Saddle Joints, Hing joints, Pivot joints, Ball, Ellipsoid

Question 15

Plane

Answer 15

• Uniaxial. Some rotation possible but limited

- intervertebral

Question 16

Saddle Joints

Answer 16

• Biaxial

- Thumb - carpometacrpal pollicis

Question 17

Hinge Joint

Answer 17

• Uniaxial
• Convex cylinder in one bone; concavity in the other
• Elbow. “knee”, ankle, interphalangeal

Question 18

Pivot Joint

Answer 18

• Uniaxial: Rotation around around a single axis

- Cylindrical bony process rotating within a circle of bone and ligament

Question 19

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Answer 19

• Multiaxial

- Shoulder hip joints

Question 20

Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joints

Answer 20

• Modified ball-and-socket; articular surfaces elliosoid
• Biaxial
• Atlantooccipital

Question 21

Gliding

Answer 21

in plane joints; slight movement

Question 22

Angular

Answer 22

1. Flexion and Extension
   a. Hyperextension
   b. Plantar and Dorsiflection
2. Abduction and adduction

Question 23

Circular

Answer 23

1. Rotation
2. Pronation and Supination
3. Circumduction

Question 24

Flexion

Answer 24

anterior to the cornal plane

Question 25

Extension

Answer 25

posterior to the cornal plane

Question 26

Plantar Flexion

Answer 26

Move foot toward plantar surface (Standing tiptoes)

Question 27

Dorsiflextion:

Answer 27

Foot lifted toward shin

Question 28

Abduction

Answer 28

take away from midline

Question 29

Adduction

Answer 29

bring toward midline (add)

Question 30

Spcecial Movements

Answer 30

Unique to only one or two joints

Question 31

Elevation and Depression

Answer 31

Shoulder Shrug

Question 32

Protraction and Retraction

Answer 32

Movement of jaw forward and backward

Question 33

Excursion

Answer 33

move jaw side to side

Question 34

Opposition and Reposition

Answer 34

Opposition: movement of thumb and little finger toward each other Reposition: return to anatomical position

Question 35

Inversion and Eversion

Answer 35

Inversion - moves the foot so that the sole of the foot faces the opposite foot Eversion - turns the foot so the sole faces laterally

Question 36

Range of motion

Answer 36

amount of mobility

Question 37

Active muscle

Answer 37

muscle contraction

Question 38

Passive muscle

Answer 38

outside force that moves muscles

Question 39

Temporomandibular Joint

Answer 39

Jaw (TMJ). Plane and ellipsoid joint - Fibrocartilage disk divides joint into superior/inferior - Depression/elevation, excursion, protraction/ retraction

Question 40

Shoulder (Glenohumearl) Joint

Answer 40

Ball-and-socket joint flexion/extension, abduction, adduction, rotation Tendon of biceps brachii- through joint capsule

Question 41

Glenoid Labrum

Answer 41

Rim of fibrocartilage around glenoid cavity

Question 42

Rotator Cuff

Answer 42

4 muscles add stability to the joint

Question 43

Elbow Joint

Answer 43

Compound Hinge Joint Trochlear notch/trochlea - limits extension and flexion rounded head of radius - pronation/supination Olecranon bursa

Question 44

Elbow Joint Ligaments

Answer 44

Ulnar Collateral ligament Radial collateral ligament Radial Annular Ligament

Question 45

Hip Joint

Answer 45

Ball-and-socket flex/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction Strong joint reinforced by ligaments

Question 46

Ligamentum Teres

Answer 46

head of femur

Question 47

Hip Ligament

Answer 47

Iliofermoral Ligament

Question 48

Knee Joint

Answer 48

Eliosoid Joint

Question 49

Mensci

Answer 49

Fibrocartilage articular disk build up margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface

Question 50

Cruciate Ligaments

Answer 50

intercondylar eminence - tibia. Connects to femur

Question 51

ACL

Answer 51

Anterior Curciate Ligament | - Prevents anterior displacement of tibia

Question 52

PCL

Answer 52

Posterior Cruciate Ligament | - Prevents posterior displacement

Question 53

Collateral and Popliteal ligaments

Answer 53

helps strengthen joints

Question 54

Unhappy Triad - Football injuries

Answer 54

Tibial collateral ligament, ACL, and medial meniscus

Question 55

Chondromalacia

Answer 55

cartilage of patella soft

Question 56

Hermarthrosis

Answer 56

blood in joint

Question 57

Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

Answer 57

Hinge Joint - Lateral and medial thickening of capsule- prevents side-to-side - Dorsiflection/Plantar flexion Ligaments of arch - hold bones and transfer weight

Question 58

Effects of Aging on Joints

Answer 58

Tissue repair slows Articular cartilages wear down become shorter Production of synovial fluids declines Ligaments and tendons become shorter Muscles around joints weaken Decreased activity, less flexibility, and decreased ROM

Question 59

Arthritis

Answer 59

inflammation of any joints

Question 60

Osteoarthritis

Answer 60

wear and tear

Question 61

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 61

autoimmune disease