Chapter 4 - Tissue Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
Q
a group of cells with a common embryonic origin and which function together to carry out specialized activities
A
tissue
2
Q
there are __ primary tissue types
A
4
3
Q
the four primary tissue types are
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epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissue
4
Q
branch of anatomy for the study of tissues
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histology
5
Q
type of tissue that forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, and filters; mainly covering tissue
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epithelial tissue
6
Q
type of tissue that supports, protects, and binds other tissues together; mainly supporting tissue
A
connective tissue
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Q
type of tissue that contracts to cause movement; mainly for movement
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muscular tissue
8
Q
type of tissue for internal communication; makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; mainly information processing and coordination
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nervous tissue
9
Q
is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
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epithelial tissue
10
Q
two main forms of epithelial tissue
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covering and lining epithelia ; glandular epithelia
11
Q
type of epithelial tissue that lies on external or internal surfaces (ex: skin)
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covering and lining epithelia
12
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type of epithelial tissue that is a secretory tissue in glands
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glandular epithelia
13
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the 6 main functions of epithelial tissue are :
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protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
14
Q
in epithelial tissue cells are arranged in ___ and are ____ packed
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sheets : densely
15
Q
epithelial tissue has many ___ ______ present
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cell junctions
16
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epithelial tissue is ______ but does not have a ____ supply
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avascular ; nerve
17
Q
____ occurs frequently in epithelial tissue because of high turnover rate (protective)
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mitosis
18
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epithelial tissue have __ special characteristics
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5
19
Q
epithelial tissue exhibit ___ between the apical and basal layer
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polarity
20
Q
cells have a top and bottom
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polarity
21
Q
is not attached to surrounding tissue and is exposed to either the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ (outside)
A
apical surface
22
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most apical surfaces are
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smooth
23
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some apical surfaces have ____ which are specialized fingerlike projections
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microvilli
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is attached to the underlying connective tissue (inside)
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basal surface
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the basal surface attaches to the ____ ______
basal lamina
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an adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells
basal lamina
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epithelial tissue exhibits ____ ______ in order to fit closely together
specialized contracts
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epithelial tissues need to fit closely together to form many _____ ___
continuous sheets
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specialized contact points bind ____ epithelial cells together
adjacent
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two main types of specialized contracts are ____ ______ and ______
tight junctions ; desmosomes
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prevent substances from leaking through spaces between cells
tight junctions
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keep cells from pulling apart
desmosomes
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epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by
connective tissues
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in between epithelial and connective tissues is a ____ _______
basement membrane
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membrane that reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary
basement membrane
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the basement membrane consists of ___ layers
two
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The basement membrane consists of two layers :
basal lamina and reticular lamina
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is deep to the basal lamina and consists of a network of collagen fibers
reticular lamina
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the epithelial tissue is ____ but _____
avascular ; innervated
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there are __ blood vessels found in epithelial tissue
no
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epithelial tissue must be nourished by ____ of underlying connective tissues
diffusion
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epithelial tissue is supplied by ____ _____
nerve fibers
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epithelium has a high _____ capcity
regenerative
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epithelial tissues are stimulated by loss of apical-basal ____ and broken lateral contacts
polarity
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when there is damage or destruction in epithelial cells, they must be ____
reproduced
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epithelial cells can replace lost cells by cell division only if there is adequate _____
nutrition
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a single cell layer
simple epithelia
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composed of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other
stratified epithelia
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are flattened and scale-like cells with a nucleus shaped like a flattened disc
squamous cells
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are boxlike, approximately as tall as they are wide with a nucleus shaped like a sphere
cuboidal cells
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are tall and column shaped cells with a nucleus that is elongated from top to bottom
columnar cells
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single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; simplest epithelia
simple squamous epithelium
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the function of simple squamous epithelium is ____ , _____, and _____
diffusion, filtration, and secretion
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simple squamous epithelium can be found in the ___ and ____
kidney ; lungs
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single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical nuclei
simple cuboidal epithelium
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the function of simple cuboidal epithelium is _____ and _____
secretion ; absorption
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simple cuboidal epithelium is located in ____ and ___ of the ____ glands
kidneys ; ducts ; small
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single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei
simple columnar epithelium
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the function of simple columnar epithelium is ____ and _____
absorption ; secretion
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simple columnar epithelium lines the ____ ___ and _____
digestive tract ; gallbladder
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single layer of cells of differing heights with nuclei of different levels
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is _____
secretion
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium is lines the ____ and is seen in the ____ of the ____ glands
digestive tract; ducts; large
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thick epithelium composed of several layers with surface cells that are flattened
stratified squamous epithelium
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the function of stratified squamous epithelium is to _____ underlying tissues
protects
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resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal in its basal layers and apical cells shaped squamous like
transitional epithelium
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the function of transitional epithelium is to ____ and permit _____ of urine to the urinary organ
stretch ; distending
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consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
gland
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the product of a gland is an aqueous fluid called a
secretion
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secretion is an ___ process
active
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glands are classified by their ____ and ___
product ; process
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internally secreting (ex: hormones)
endocrine
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externally secreting (ex: sweat)
exocrine
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one celled (ex: goblet cell)
unicellular
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many-celled (ex: salivary)
multicellular
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retain the connecting cells, which form a duct that transports secretions to the epithelial surface
exocrine glands
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lose their ducts during development, they secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid
endocrine glands
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endocrine glands secrete _____ by ___
hormones ; exocytosis
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there are ___ exocrine glands than endocrine glands
more
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exocrine glands secrete products into
ducts
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endocrine glands can be found in the
pituitary glands and pineal gland of the brain
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function is for hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis
endocrine glands
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exocrine glands can be found in
sweat glands and salivary glands
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function is to produce substances such as sweat to help lower the body temperature, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes
exocrine gland
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examples of unicellular glands are
mucous and goblet cells
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unicellular exocrine glands are found in the epithelial linings of the ____ and ____ tracts
intestinal ; respiratory
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all unicellular glands produce ____
mucin
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is a sugar-protein that can dissolve in water to form mucus
mucin
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are composed of a duct and a secretory unit
multicellular exocrine glands
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multicellular exocrine glands are usually surrounded by supportive _____ tissue that supplies blood and nerve fibers to gland
connective
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multicellular exocrine glands are classified by ___ and mode of ____
structure ; secretion
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glandular epithelium is
multicellular
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have unbranched ducts
simple exocrine gland
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glands that have branched ducts
compound glands
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in this gland, secretory cells form a duct
tubular gland
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in this gland, secretory cells form sacs
alveolar glands
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this gland has ducts and sacs
tubuloalveolar glands
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mode of secretion where most secrete products by exocytosis as secretions are produced
merocrine
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merocrine secretion happens in the
sweat and pancreas
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type of secretion where products accumulate within, then rupture
holocrine
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holocine secretion happens in the
sebaceous oil glands
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type of secretion where products accumulate within, but only apex ruptures or pinches off
apocrine
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apocrine secretion happens in
mammary cells
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is the most abundant, widely distributed tissues in the body
connective tissue
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connective tissue functions by
support, binding, insulating, protecting, and providing a medium of transport of molecules and ions in the body
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connective tissue all have common
embryonic origin
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connective tissue all rise from
mesenchyme tissue
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after first derived, cell name ends in
-blast
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after maturing and are less productive, cells name ends in
-cyte
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connective tissue has varying degrees of ____ and _____
vascularity ; innervation
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cartilage is
avascular
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bone is highly
vascularized
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cartilage does not have
nerves
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connective tissue cells are suspended in ____ ____
extracellular matrix
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ECM of connective tissue consists of ____ _____ and ____ produced by ___
ground substance ; fibers ; cells
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connective tissue proper contains the subclasses of
loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
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loose connective tissue contains these 3 types :
areolar, adipose, and reticular
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dense connective tissue contains these 3 types :
regular, irregular, elastic
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connective tissue proper contains these 4 cells:
fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, and adipocytes
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the four main functions of connective tissue proper is
binding tissue, resist tension, provide reservoir for water and salts, and energy storage
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cartilage contains 3 subclasses :
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage
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cartilage contains these 2 cells :
chondroblasts ; chondrocytes
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cartilage has a matrix containing ___ ____ and ____
ground substance ; fibers
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connective tissue proper has a matrix containing ___ ___ and ___
ground substance ; fibers
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the two main functions of cartilage are to
resist compression and act as a cushion while supporting
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bone tissue has these 2 subclasses :
compact and spongy bone
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bone tissue contains these 2 cells :
osteoblasts ; osteocytes
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the matrix of bone tissue contains ____ ____ and ____
ground substance ; fibers
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cartilage is a type of ____ tissue
connective
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bone is a type of ____ tissue
connective
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blood is a type of ____ tissue
connective
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blood has these 3 types of cells
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
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the matrix of blood contains ___ but __ fibers
plasma ; no
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the main function of blood is to be a
fluid tissue and carry substances
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is an unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells
ground substance
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solutes can diffuse through the
ground substance
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ground substance contains
interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans
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there are __ main types of connective tissue fibers
3
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is the most abundant molecule type, is tough and able to resist pulling
collagen
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is the strongest fiber
collagen
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networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
elastic fibers
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short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; that offer structural support and offer some "give"
reticular
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are the immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers
blast cells
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type of blast cell found in connective tissue proper
fibroblasts
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type of blast cell found in cartilage
chondroblasts
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type of blast cell found in bone
osteoblasts
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blast cells ___ the stuff
build
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mature, less active form of blast cell that becomes part and helps maintain the health of the matrix
cyte cells
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type of "housekeeping cell"
cyte cells
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type of cell found in the stroma that stores nutrients
fat cells
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type of cell found in the stroma that is a tissue response to injury
white blood cells
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type of cell found in the stroma that initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
mast cells
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mast cells are considered the
first line of denfence
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type of cell found in the stroma that are phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system
macrophages
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fibers are produced by
fibroblasts
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called white fibers are made of collagen proteins; resist pulling forces and form tight bundles
collagen fibers
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bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons have plenty of
collagen fibers
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yellow fibers made of elastin protein; provide elasticity
elastic fibers
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are seen in skin, wall of blood vessels, and lung tissue
elastic fibers
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are made of fine collagen fibers which form stroma that supports soft organs like spleen and lymph nodes
reticular fibers
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is the most widely distributed connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
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this tissues function is to wrap and cushion organs, phagocytize bacteria, play a role in inflammation, and hold/convey tissue fluid
areolar connective tissue
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areolar connective tissue is located in the
hypodermis
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the function of this tissue is to reserve food fuel, insulate, and support and protect organs
adipose connective tissue
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the cells in adipose tissue are called
adipocytes
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adipose tissue is ____ vascularized
highly
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this tissue is located under the skin, in-between muscles, around the heart and kidney, yellow bone marrow, and female breasts
adipose connective tissue
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the function of this tissue is to form an internal skeleton that supports other cell types
loose reticular connective tissue
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this tissue is located in the lymphoid oragans
loose reticular connective tissue
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the connective tissue provide support is called the
stroma
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the tissue that performs the specific function of the organ is called the
parenchyma
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the function of this tissue it to attach muscles to bones or to muscles; withstand tensile stress
dense regular connective tissue
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dense connective tissue is located
in tendons and ligaments
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dense regular connective tissue is mostly ___ and poorly _____
fibers; vascularized
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connects muscle to bones
tendon
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connects bone to bone
ligament
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the function of this tissue is to withstand tension from many directions and provide structural support
dense irregular connective tissue
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this type of dense connective tissue forms sheets rather than bundles
dense irregular connective tissue
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is located in fibrous capsules and dermis
dense irregular connective tissue
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the function of this tissue is to allow recoil and maintain blood flow
elastic connective tissue
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this tissue is located in the walls of large arteries
elastic connective tissue
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is a flexible but tough connective tissue formed by chondroblasts
cartilage tissue
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chondrocytes are not ___ and ____ tissue
innervated ; avascular
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because cartilage is avascular and not innervated the ___ capacity is ___
healing ; poor
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there are _ types of cartilage tissue
3
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is the most abundant cartilage tissue
hyaline cartilage
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the function of this cartilage is to support, reinforce, cushion, and resist compressive stress
hyaline cartilage
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is located at the ends of long bones, costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx
hyaline cartilage
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hyaline cartilage gives rise to
bones
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type of tissue that has plenty of elastic fibers and chondrocytes, seen in areas that show elasticity
elastic cartilage
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the function of this tissue is to maintain the shape of a structure while allowing flexibility
elastic cartilage
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in elastic cartilage the ___ of elastic creates more ____ and the ____ fibers make it ___
ratio ; bounce; criss cross; strong
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this tissue is located and supports the external ear
elastic cartilage
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has thick bundles of collagen fibers and chondrocytes and can resist high compressional forces
fibrocartilage
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the function of this tissue is tensile strength that allows it to absorb compressive shock
fibrocartilage
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is located in the intervertebral discs, knee-meniscus, and pubic symphysis
fibrocartilage
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hard and rigid tissue, makes up the bulk of the skeletal system
bone tissue
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type of bone tissue that has osteons
compact bone
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are the units of compact bone tissue
osteons
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bone tissue is highly ____ and is ____
vascular ; innervated
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bones heal relatively easy because of its high _____
vascularity
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type of bone tissue that has no osteons
spongy bone tissue
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interconnected network of thin columns of bone called
trabeculae
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is the site of blood cell production
red bone marrow
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highly specialized liquid connective tissue; has a liquid ECM called plasma
blood tissue
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type of tissue consisting of fibers that can shorten or contract and so they are critical components to provide motion, maintain posture, and product heat
muscular tissue
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type of tissue that is attached to and causes movement of bones
skeletal muscle tissue
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skeletal muscle is a ____ muscle
voluntary
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cells in skeletal muscle are called ___ ____
muscle fibers
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muscle fibers contain multiple ___ and appear ___
nuclei ; striated
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the function of this tissue is voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control
skeletal muscle
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is located in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
skeletal muscle
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the function of this tissue is while it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control
cardiac muscle
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is located in the walls of the heart
cardiac muscle
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cardiac muscle is an ____ muscle
involuntary
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contains striations but only __ nucleous
one
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the cells in cardiac muscle have many ____
branches
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are special joints where cardiac cells are joined
intercalated discs
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function of this tissue is to propel substances or objects along internal passageways
smooth muscle
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smooth muscle is under _____ control
involuntary
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is located mostly in the walls of follow organs
smooth muscle
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smooth muscle has __ visible striations
no
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the cells in smooth muscle are ___ - shaped cells with __ nucleus
spindle ; one
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nervous tissue is composed of these two cells
neurons ; neurogila
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carry sensory or motor information and they can perform integrative functions
neurons
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protect and support neurons
neurogila
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___ and ____ are considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability
neurons ; muscle fibers
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is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals
electrical excitability
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a measure of potential energy generated by separated charge
voltage
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flow of electrical charge between two points; used to do work dependent on voltage and resistance
current
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hinderance to charge flow
resistance
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membrane ion channels are
selective
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type of channel that are always open, leaky
leakage nongated channels
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open in response to binding of the appropriate neurotransmitter
chemically gated ion channels
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open in response to changes in membrane potential
voltage gated ion channels
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type of membrane that lines the cavities of moveable joints
synovial membrane
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made of areolar and adipose connective tissue
synovial membrane
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synovial membrane secretes the ___ ___ that lubricates the moveable joinrs
synovial fluid
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type of membrane that lines body cavities that are open to the exterior
mucous membrane
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is a moist membrane bathed by secretions; can also secrete mucus
mucous membrane
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epithelial sheet lies over layer of loose connective tissue called
lamina propria
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type of moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities, constructed from simple squamous epithelium resting on thin areolar connective tissue
serous membrane
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part of the serous membrane that lines the internal body cavity walls
parietal serosae
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part of the serous membrane that covers internal organs
visceral serosae
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membrane for the lungs
pleurae
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membrane for the heart
pericardium
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membrane for the abdomen
peritoneum
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another name for skin
cutaneous membrane
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is made of epidermis and dermis
cutaneous membrane
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same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, so original function is restorred
regeneration
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connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, and original function lost
repair
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epithelial cells are replaced by the division of __ cells or undifferentiated cells
stem
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there are 3 stages of tissue healing:
inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
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the first step; release of inflammatory chemicals and clotting of blood occurs
inflammation stage
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release of inflammatory chemicals cause :
dilation of blood vessels; increase in blood vessel permeability
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step two; where organization restores blood supply, clots are replaced with granulation tissue, regeneration begins, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers, and any debris is phagocytized
proliferation
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the blood clot is replaced with ____ ____
granulation tissue
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step three when regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair
remodeling
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tissues with moderate regenerating capacity:
smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue
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tissues with little to no functional regenerative capacity
cardiac muscle, nervous tissue, cartilage
