Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
the skin has two major layers :
A
epidermis ; dermis
2
Q
is the most superficial layer
A
epidermis
3
Q
consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular
A
epidermis
4
Q
a layer deep to the epidermis
A
dermis
5
Q
mostly fibrous connective tissue and is vascular
A
dermis
6
Q
also called the subcutaneous layer located deep to the dermis but not a real layer of skin
A
hypodermis
7
Q
composed of areolar and adipose tissue
A
hypodermis
8
Q
anchors skin to underlying structures
A
hypodermis
9
Q
the epidermis has these four major types of cells:
A
keratinocytes, melanocytes, intraepidermal macrophages, and tactile epithelial cells
10
Q
type of cell that produce fibrous keratin, is a major cell of the epidermis, and is tightly connected by desmosomes
A
keratinocytes
11
Q
spider-shaped cells located deepest epidermis, produce melanin
A
melanocytes
12
Q
star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis; are also key activators of immune system
A
dendritic cells
13
Q
sensory receptors that sense touch
A
tactile cells
14
Q
the five layers of the skin from deep to superficial are :
A
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
15
Q
there are _ types of skin
A
2
16
Q
type of skin that covers all body regions except the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles
A
thin hairy skin
17
Q
type of skin that covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles
A
thick hairless skin
18
Q
is the deepest layer that is firmly attached to the dermis made of a single row of stem cells that actively divide
A
stratum basale
19
Q
10-25% of the stratum basale is composed of
A
melanocytes
20
Q
layer of the skin made of several cell layers thick with keratinocytes in this layer appear spikey
A
stratum spinosum
21
Q
the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum are abundant in _____ and ___ ____
A
melanosomes ; dendritic cells
22
Q
layer of skin that is four to six cells thick but cells are flattened so layer is thin
A
stratum granulosum
23
Q
layer of skin only found in thick skin; translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
A
stratum lucidum
24
Q
layer of skin with 20-30 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized dead cells and accounts for three-quarters of epidermal thickness
A
stratum corneum
25
the dead cells in the stratum corneum function to ___ deeper cells fro the environment, ___ water loss, protect from ___ and ___, and act as a ___ against biological, chemical, and physical assaults
protect; prevent; abrasion; penetration; barrier
26
strong, flexible connective tissue that is deep to the epidermis
dermis
27
cells in the dermis include :
fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells
28
the __ contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels ; and epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands
dermis
29
two layers of the dermis include :
papillary and reticular
30
is the most superficial layer of the dermis
papillary region
31
superficial layer of the dermis made from loose, areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen and elastic fivers and blood vessels
papillary region
32
layer of the dermis that is made of dense irregular connective tissue
reticular region
33
superficial region of dermis that sends fingerlike projections up into epidermis
dermal papillae
34
the dermal papillae contains
capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors
35
in the thick skin, dermal papillae lie on top of dermal ridges, which give rise to epidermal ridges
fingerprints
36
layer of the dermis that makes up 80% of dermal thickness, consists of dense fibrous connective tissue
reticular layer
37
the reticular layer contains a network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis called
cutaneous plexus
38
the extracellular matrix of the reticular layer contains pockets of
adipose cells
39
in the reticular layer are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface
cleavage tension lines
40
the number of melanocytes is relatively
constant
41
is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale
melanin
42
red pigment in red blood cells, shows in people with low pigment production
hemoglobin
43
a yellow-orange pigment stored in the stratum corneum and adipose tissue
carotene
44
congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes due to a defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin
albinism
45
is a chronic disorder that causes depigmentation patches in the skin, causes is not known but most likely a combination of genetic factors coupled with a disorder of the immune system resulting in the destruction of melanocytes
vitiligo
46
is the subcutaneous layer and attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs
hypodermis
47
composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells and are present on most body surfaces except the palms and palmar surfaces on fingers as well as the soles and plantar surfaces of the feet
hair
48
another name for hair is
pili
49
___ and ___ influences determine the thickness and distribution of our hair
genetic ; hormonal
50
functions of hair include :
tactile function, guard against physical trauma, protect against heat loss, and shield skin from sunlight
51
hair color depends on type of pigment produced by
melanocytes
52
hair color is primarily due to the amount and type of ___ present in the keratinized cells of the hair
melanin
53
brown to black type of melanin
eumelanin
54
yellow to red type of melanin
phomelanin
55
loss of pigment in hair production with
age
56
partial loss of melanin
grey hair
57
complete loss of melanin
white hair
58
hair grows in cycles with _ stages
3
59
about 85% of hair is in the stage at any one point
growth stage
60
stage where cells in the hair matrix are dividing adding cells to the hair medulla, 85% of follicles are in this stage, 2-6 years
growth stage
61
stage where cells in the hair matrix stop dividing, hair follicle atrophies and the hair stops growing, 2-3 weeks
regression stage
62
stage where hair falls out, the follicle prepares to enter the growth stage, 3 months
resting stage
63
type of hair that covers the fetus
lanugo
64
type of hair that is long, coarse, heavily pigmented and replace laguno hair after birth in eyelashes, eyebrows, and scalp
terminal hair
65
short, fine, pale body hair of adult females and children, replace laguno everywhere else in the body after birth
vellus hair
66
are connected to hair follicles (holocrine type) contain oily secretions, bacterial properties, softens hair and skin
sebaceous oil glands
67
another name for sweat glands
sudoriferous
68
merocrine type of these sweat glands are the most numerous, abundant on palms, soles, and forehead, ducts connect to pores
eccrine sweat glands
69
function of merocrine type eccrine sweat glands is
thermoregulation
70
merocrine type eccrine sweat glands are regulated by the
sympathetic nervous system
71
merocrine type eccrine sweat glands produce the secretion of
sweat
72
are located mainly in hairy skin areas
merocrine type apocrine sweat glands
73
secrete lipids, proteins, ions, water, small molecules - milky or yellowish sweat
apocrine sweat glands
74
the ducts of these glands empty into hair follicles
apocrine sweat glands
75
modified sweat glands located in the ear canal
ceruminous glands
76
type of modified apocrine sweat glands that secrete milk
mammary glands
77
function of this cutaneous gland is temperature control and antibacterial properties
eccrine sweat glands
78
eccrine sweat glands secrete
hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma
79
the method of secretion in eccrine sweat glands is
merocrine (exocytosis)
80
the eccrine sweat glands duct goes to the ___ ____
skin surface
81
located everywhere but especially palms, soles, and forehead
eccrine sweat glands
82
function of this gland is to act as a sexual scent glands
apocrine sweat glands
83
type of secretion method is to filtrate blood plasma with added proteins and fatty substances
apocrine sweat glands
84
apocrine sweat glands secrete by
merocrine (exocytosis)
85
the apocrine sweat gland duct exists at the
upper hair follicle
86
this gland is mainly located mostly axillary and anogenital regions
apocrine sweat glands
87
the function of this sweat gland is to lubricate skin and hair, help prevent water loss, and antibacterial properties
sebaceous glands
88
type of secretion from a sebaceous glands is
sebum
89
the method of secretion that a sebaceous gland is
holocrine
90
the sebaceous gland duct exists at the
upper hair follicle
91
sebaceous glands are located
everywhere except palms and soles
92
acne is usually an infectious inflammation of the _____ ___ resulting in pimples
sebaceous glands
93
are blocked sebaceous glands
whiteheads
94
if secretion is oxidized, whiteheads becomes a
blackhead
95
overactive sebaceous glands in infants can lead to ___ or cradle cap
seborrhea
96
scale-like modifications of epidermis that contain hard keratin that act as a protective cover for distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes
nails
97
thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth
nail matrix
98
skin folds that overlap border of nail
nail folds
99
nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body
eponychium
100
area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt
hypoonychium
101
nails normally appear pink because of
underlying capillaries
102
thickened nail matrix, appears white
lunule
103
yellow-tinged may indicate
respiratory or thyroid gland disorder
104
thickened yellow nails can be due to a
fungal infection
105
an outward concavity of nail may signal iron deficiency
koilonychya
106
horizontal lines across nail may indicate severe illnesses such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart attack, or cancer chemotherapy
beau's lines
107
the six main functions of skin are :
thermoregulation, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensations, excretion and absorption, and synthesis of vitamin d
108
occurs when superficial wounds affect only the epidermis
epidermal wound healing
109
in epidermal wound healing the tissue is healed the __ as before
same
110
occurs when an injury extends into the dermis and subcutaneous layer
dermal wound healing
111
the wound is filled with fibrin and coagulated blood
inflammatory/exudative phase
112
scavenger cells remove dead cells and germs
migratory phase/resorptive phase
113
new cells are formed, which fill the wound
proliferative phase
114
cells are formed around the edge of the wound, new skin is created, and the wound finally closes
repair phase
115
epidermis develops from
ectoderm
116
dermis develops from
mesoderm
117
the most common cause of skin cancer is caused from
excessive exposure to ultraviolet light
118
the three types of cancer are
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
119
a ___ __ begins cancer
single cell
120
cancer of melanocytes, is the most dangerous type because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
melanoma
121
melanoma can be detected by the
ABCD rule
122
A in the ABCD rule; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match
asymmetry
123
B in the ABCD rule; exhibits indentations
border irregularity
124
C in the ABCD rule; contains several colors
color
125
D in the ABCD rule; larger than 6 mm
diameter
126
result from when the protein in the skin are denatured
burn
127
burn is tissue damaged caused by
excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, corrosive chemicals that denature
128
burn grade that includes damaged epidermis; 3-6 days to heal
first degree
129
damage epidermis and dermis no damage to accessory organs; 3-4 weeks to heal
second degree
130
full thickness wounds; all skin functions at site are lost
third degree
131
a major burn affects systemic functions such as
hypovolemia, infection, diminished immunity, thermoregulation
132
the __ __ and __ of __ determine if a burn is major
surface area; grade; burn
133
is used to estimate the surface area of an adult affected by a burn
rule of nines
134
third degree burn over
10% of skin
135
second degree burn over
25% of skin
136
any third degree burn affecting the
face, hands, feet, perineum
137
is the removal of burned skin
debridement
138
when shedding of epithelium caused by a deficiency of blood flow to tissues occurs, pressure ulcers can develop
pressure ulcers
139
pressure ulcers are more likely to develop where there is
bony prominences and little muscle
