Chapter 4:Tissue

Question 1

What is a group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities?

Answer 1

Tissues

Question 2

What includes various types of cels, ranging from hard (bone) to semisolid (fat) to liquid (blood)?

Answer 2

Tissues

Question 3

Of all the cells in the body, they combine to make only 4 basic tissue types. They are?

Answer 3

Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscular tissues
Nervous tissues

Question 4

What tissues cover body surfaces and form glands and line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts?

Answer 4

Epithelial

Question 5

What tissues (C.T.) protect, support, and bind organs?

Answer 5

Connective

Question 6

Fat is what type of tissue that stores energy.

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are also a type of this tissue.

Answer 6

Connective tissues

Question 7

What tissues generate the physical force needed to make body structures move? They also generate heat used by the body.

Answer 7

Muscular

Question 8

What tissues detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses?

Answer 8

Nervous

Question 9

Tissues of the body develop from what three primary germ layers?

Answer 9

Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm

Question 10

What tissues develop from all three germ layers.

Answer 10

Epithelial

Question 11

C.T. and muscle are

derived from what germ layer?

Answer 11

mesoderm

Question 12

Nervous tissue develops from

what germ layer?

Answer 12

ectoderm.

Question 13

What tissue is used to line surfaces and form protective barriers. This tissue is also good at secreting things like mucous, hormones, and other substances.

Answer 13

Epithelium

Question 14

All epithelia tissue have a

free ____ surface and an attached ____surface.?

Answer 14

apical,

basal

Question 15

What are named according to the shape of their cells, and the thickness or arrangement of their layers (of cells).

Answer 15

Epithelia Cells

Question 16

What is composed of a single layer of flat cells.

Answer 16

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Question 17

What makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels?

Answer 17

Simple squamous Epithelium

Question 18

Simple Squamous Epithelium cells are found where?

Answer 18

In the air sacs of lungs,
In the lining of blood
vessels, the heart, and lymphatic vessels,
In all capillaries, including those of the kidney
As the major part of a
serous membrane

Question 19

What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelium?

Answer 19

Filtration such as blood in the kidneys or diffusion such as diffusion of oxygen into blood vessels of lungs.

Question 20

What is composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells?

Answer 20

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Question 21

What is often found lining
the tubules of the
kidneys and many
other glands.

Answer 21

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Question 22

What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

Answer 22

Seceretion and absorption

Question 23

What forms a single layer of column-like cells, ± cilia, ± microvilli, ± mucous (goblet cells).

Answer 23

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Question 24

What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

Answer 24

Cila beat in unison, moving muscus and foreign particles tward throat, where the can be coughed up and swallowed or spit out.

Question 25

Where is Simple Columnar Epithelium found in the body?

Answer 25

Lines some bronchioles of respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain.

Question 26

``` What cells are simple columnar cells that have differentiated to acquire the ability to secrete mucous. ```

Answer 26

Goblet

Question 27

What is a prominent feature of the outer layers | of the skin.

Answer 27

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 28

What appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are at various depths. In reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not extend to the apical surface.

Answer 28

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Question 29

What has an apical surface that is made up of squamous (flat) cells.

Answer 29

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Question 30

The many layers of Stratified Squamous Epithelium are ideal for?

Answer 30

protection against | strong friction forces.

Question 31

What is the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

Answer 31

Protection against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and foreign invasion. Both types form first line of defense against microbes.

Question 32

What has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells.

Answer 32

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Question 33

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium cells are found where?

Answer 33

Locations include the sweat glands and part of the ♂ urethra

Question 34

What is the function of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

Answer 34

Protection; limited secretion and absorption

Question 35

The cells of ____ ____ change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue.

Answer 35

Transitional Epithelium

Question 36

What is found in the bladder.

Answer 36

Transitional Epithelium

Question 37

Transitional Epithelium are found where?

Answer 37

Bladder

Question 38

What is the function of Transitional Epitheluim?

Answer 38

Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining whild holding variable amount of fluid without rupturing.

Question 39

What is common in the digestive tract.

Answer 39

Columnar Epithelium

Question 40

What lines ducts and sweat glands.

Answer 40

Cuboidal Epithelium

Question 41

What Tissue is the most widely distributed in the body. It contains several types of cells and all three fiber types.

Answer 41

Areolar Connective Tissue

Question 42

Where is Areolar Connective Tissue found?

Answer 42

In and around nearly every body structure thus called the packing material of the body.

Question 43

What is the function of Areolar Connective Tissue?

Answer 43

It is used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and as a packing between glands, muscles, and nerves.

Question 44

What Tissue is located in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and around organs and joints?

Answer 44

Adipose tissue

Question 45

Where is adipose Tissue found in the body?

Answer 45

Wherever areolar connective tissue is located: subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket.

Question 46

What is the function of Adipose tissue?

Answer 46

It reduces heat loss and serves as padding and as an energy source.

Question 47

What tissue is a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells?

Answer 47

Reticular connective tissue

Question 48

What is the function of Reticular connective tissue

Answer 48

It forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

Question 49

Where is Reticular Connective Tissue found in the body?

Answer 49

Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow; reticular lamina of basment membrane; around blood vessels.

Question 50

What Tissue comprise tendons, ligaments, and other strong attachments where the need for strength along one axis is mandatory (a muscle pulling on a bone)?

Answer 50

Dense regular Connective Tissue.

Question 51

What is the function of Dense regular Connective Tissue?

Answer 51

Provides strong atachment between various structures. Tissues structure withstands pulling along long axis of fibers.

Question 52

Where is Dense regular Connective Tissue found in the body?

Answer 52

Forms tendons (attaches muscles to bone), most ligaments (attaches bone to bone) and aponeuroses (sheet like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone)

Question 53

What Tissue consists predominantly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly arranged?

Answer 53

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.

Question 54

What is the function of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

Answer 54

It provides strength when forces are pulling from many different directions.

Question 55

Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found in the body?

Answer 55

Often occures in sheets, such as fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), reticular (deeper) region of dermis of skin, fibrous pericardium of heart, pericardium of heart, bone, cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs. Also in heart valves.

Question 56

What tissue consists predominantly of fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibers.

Answer 56

Elastic Connective Tissue

Question 57

What is the function of Elastic Connective Tissue

Answer 57

It allows stretching of certain tissues like the elastic arteries (the aorta).

Question 58

Where is Elastic Connective Tissue found in the body?

Answer 58

Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of penis, ans some ligaments between vertebrae.

Question 59

What is the most abundant type of cartilage; it covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement.

Answer 59

Hyaline cartilage

Question 60

Where is Hyaline cartilage found in the body?

Answer 60

At the end of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton.

Question 61

What is the function of Hyaline cartilage?

Answer 61

Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexabilty, and support; weakest types of cartilage.

Question 62

What cartilage consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers.

Answer 62

Elastic cartilage

Question 63

Where is Elastic cartilage found in the body?

Answer 63

Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle), auditory (eustachian) tubes.

Question 64

What is the function of Elastic cartilage?

Answer 64

Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.

Question 65

With its thick bundles of collagen fibers, what is a very strong, tough cartilage.

Answer 65

Fibrocartilage

Question 66

Where is Fibrocartilage found in the body?

Answer 66

Found in discs in the intervertebral spaces and the knee joints support the huge loads up and down the long axis of the body.

Question 67

What is the function of Fibrocartilage?

Answer 67

Support and joining structures togther. Strength and rigidity make it the strongest type of cartilage.

Question 68

What is a connective tissue with a calcified intracellular matrix. In the right circumstances, the chondrocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the osteocytes that make up this tissue.

Answer 68

Bone

Question 69

What is the function of bone?

Answer 69

Support, protection, storage; houses blood-forming tissues; serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement.

Question 70

What are atypical liquid connective tissues. It also has fibers (such as fibrin that makes blood clot).

Answer 70

Blood and lymph

Question 71

Where is blood found in the body?

Answer 71

In blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins), within the chambers of the heart.

Question 72

What is the function of blood?

Answer 72

Red blood cells: transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide; white blood cells carry phagocytosis and mediate allergic reactions and immune system responses; platelets: essential for blood clotting.

Question 73

What is the difference between exocrine and an endocrine gland?

Answer 73

Glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood are called endocrine glands. Glands that secrete their contents into a lumen or duct are called exocrine glands.

Question 74

What is the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels? It is a connective tissue that consists of serveral types of cells in a clear liquid extracellular matrix that is similar to blood plasma but with much less protein.

Answer 74

Lymph

Question 75

What connects adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells

Answer 75

Intracellular Junctions

Question 76

What are the five basic types of cell junctions?

Answer 76

``` Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes , Hemidesmosomes, and Gap Junctions ```

Question 77

What Junctions make an adhesion belt (like the belt on your pants) that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract. Cadherin is a glycoprotein that forms the belt-like “plaque”.

Answer 77

Adherens Junctions

Question 78

What Junctions are found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells. They keep materials from leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder.

Answer 78

Tight Junctions

Question 79

What junctions act as “spot welds”. They also use cadherin glycoprotein (plus intermediate filaments) to hook into the cytoplasm.

Answer 79

Desmosomes junctions

Question 80

What junctions are half-welds that join cells to the basement membrane?

Answer 80

Hemidesmosomes Junctions

Question 81

What Junctions are pores (connexons) that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells. If one of the cells gets sick or dies, these seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells.

Answer 81

Gap Junctions

Question 82

Epithelial tissue is classified according to?

Answer 82

according to the shape of their cells, and the thickness or arrangement of their layers (of cells).