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Anatomy And Physiology I > Chapter 4: Tissue - The Living Fabric > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue - The Living Fabric Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two forms of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering and lining epithelium
Glandular epithelium

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

Nervous
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective

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3
Q

What six roles does epithelial tissue play?

A

Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception

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4
Q

What are the five distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A

Polarity
Specialized contacts
Supported by connective tissue
Avascular but innervated
Regeneration

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5
Q

What does it mean for epithelial tissue to have polarity?

A

Epithelial tissues have an apical surface that is not attached to surrounding tissue and a basal surface that is attached to the underlying connective tissue.
Apical-basal polarity

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6
Q

What defines the basement membrane?

A

It is composed of basal laminate (non cellular, adhesive sheet largely glycoproteins and some collagen fibers) and reticular lamina (deep)(a layer of Extracellular material of collagen protein fibers that “belongs” to underlying connective tissue)

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7
Q

What are the two “first names” of epithelial tissue? What are the three “last names” of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple and Stratified
Squamous cells, cuboidal cells, and columnar cells.

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8
Q

What defines “simple epithelia?”

A

Consists of a single cell layer. Typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur and a thin epithelial barrier is desireable

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9
Q

What defines “stratified epithelia?”

A

Composed of two or more cell layers stacked. Common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as the skin surface and lining of mouth.

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10
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm.
Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae (linings of ventral body cavity)

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11
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; serosae

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12
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
Secretes and absorbs.

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13
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

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14
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium?

A

Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; many have microvilli, some cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting goblet cell unicellular glands.
Absorbs; secretes mucus, enzymes, and other; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

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15
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum); gallbladder; excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

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16
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A
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17
Q

Where is psuedostratified columnar epithelium found?

A
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18
Q

What is endothelium vs Mesothelium?

A

Endothelium provides slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and hollow organs of the cardiovascular system. Capillaries = endothelium - thinness encourages exchange of nutrients and wastes between bloodstream and tissue cells
Mesothelium is the epithelium in serous membranes

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19
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A
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20
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A
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21
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A
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22
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A
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23
Q

What are the four main classes of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

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24
Q

What are the six functions of connective tissue?

A

Binding
Supporting
Protecting
Insulating
Storing
Transporting

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25
Q

What are the two characteristics that set connective tissue apart from others?

A

Extracellular matrix: connective tissues consist largely of non-living Extracellular matrix that separates the living cells. This allows it to bear weight, withstand great tension, and endure abuse
Common origin: all connective tissues arise from mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue)

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26
Q

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

A

Ground substance
Fibers
Cells

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27
Q

What is ground substance? What is it made of?

A

Unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers. Three components:
Interstitial fluid
Cell adhesion proteins
Proteoglycans

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28
Q

What is interstitial fluid in ground substance?

A

Large amounts of fluid that functions as a molecular sieve to carry nutrients and dissolved substances between blood capillaries and the cells

29
Q

What are cell adhesion proteins in the ground substance?

A

Serves as glue to connect connective tissue cells to the Extracellular matrix

30
Q

What are the proteoglycans in the ground substance?

A

Consists of a proteins core with polysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) that make the ground substance fluid to viscous

31
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagen fibers
Elastics fibers
Reticular fibers

32
Q

What are collagen fibers in connective tissue?

A

Constructed mostly of collagen. Thick fibers that are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength

33
Q

What are elastic fibers in connective tissue?

A

Long, thin, and elastic. Form branching networks. Contain a rubber like protein called elastin that allows it to stretch and recoil.
Often found in the skin, lungs, blood vessel walls

34
Q

What are reticular fibers in the connective tissue?

A

Short, fine fibers made of different types of collagen. Connect to the coarser collagen fibers and branch extensively. Surround small blood vessels and support soft tissue of organs.
Abundant where connective tissue is next to other tissue types (basement membrane of epithelial tissue) and capillaries.

35
Q

What is the difference between connective tissue “-blasts” and “-cytes”?

A

—blasts are immature. They secretes ground substance and the fibers of their particular matrix. They take their -cyte form once matured
—cytes keep the matrix healthy, and can revert to -blast form if needed.

36
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

37
Q

What are the two subtypes of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue proper
Dense connective tissue proper

38
Q

What are the three subtypes of loose connective tissue proper?

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

39
Q

What are the three subtypes of dense connective tissue proper?

A

Regular dense connective tissue proper
Irregular dense connective tissue proper
Elastic dense connective tissue proper

40
Q

What eight kind of cells are in connective tissue?

A

Fibro-blasts-cytes
Chondro-blasts-cytes
Osteoblasts-cytes
Blood cells (hematopoietic stem cell)
Adipocytes
White blood cells
Mast cells
Macrophages

41
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Mast = “stuffed” with granules
Mediate inflammation - they contain:
Heparin - anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting
Histamine - makes capillaries leaky
Proteases - protein degrading enzymes
Other enzymes

42
Q

What is areolar loose connective tissue proper?

A
43
Q

Where is areolar tissue found?

A
44
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A
45
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A
46
Q

What is reticular tissue?

A
47
Q

Where is reticular tissue found?

A
48
Q

What is regular dense connective tissue?

A
49
Q

Where is regular dense connective tissue found?

A
50
Q

What is irregular dense connective tissue?

A
51
Q

Where is irregular dense connective tissue found?

A
52
Q

What are tendons?

A

Cords that attach muscles to bones

53
Q

What are aponeuroses?

A

Flat, sheet like tendons that attach muscles to other muscles or to bones

54
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Bind bones together at joints. Contain more elastic fibers than tendons and are slightly more stretchy

55
Q

What is elastic dense connective tissue?

A
56
Q

Where is elastic dense connective tissue found?

A
57
Q

What are the cavities in cartilage in which chondrocytes are typically found called?

A

Lacunae

58
Q

What are the three varieties of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

59
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A
60
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A
61
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A
62
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A
63
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A
64
Q

What is bone tissue? What does it do?

A
65
Q

What is Nervous tissue?

A

Neurons are branching cells
Cell processes (can be quite long) extend from nucleus-containing body; nervous tissue also has non-excitable supporting cells.

66
Q

What are the three types of covering and lining membranes?

A

Cutaneous
Mucous
Serous

67
Q

What are mucous membranes (mucosae)?

A

Line body cavities that are open to the exterior
Mucosae refers to location, not composition - which varies
Often used for absorption and secretion

68
Q

What are mucous membranes made of?

A

Most mucousae contain either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelia. This epithelial sheet lies over a layer of areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria
In some mucosae, the lamina propria rests on a third layer of smooth muscle cells.

Anatomy And Physiology I (13 decks)

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