Chapter 4: Tissues

Question 1

Characteristics of Epithelium

Answer 1

Cellularity, Specialized Connections, Polarity, Connective Tissue Support, Avascular, and Regeneration

Question 2

Cellularity

Answer 2

Almost entirely composed of closely-packed cells.

Question 3

Specialized Connections

Answer 3

Continuous sheet of cells, Tight junctions and desmosomes

Question 4

Polarity

Answer 4

Apical surface and basal surface, Basal lamina

Question 5

Connective Tissue Support

Answer 5

All epithelium supported by connective tissue, Reticular lamina, Basal lamina (epithelial) + reticular lamina (protein and connective) = basement membrane

Question 6

Avascular

Answer 6

No blood vessels within epithelium, Is innervated

Question 7

Regeneration

Answer 7

High regenerative capacity

Question 8

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 8

Thin and permeable; found where rapid filtration and diffusion is desired; kidneys, lungs

Question 9

Simple cuboidal

Answer 9

Function in secretion and absorption; found in tubules of the kidneys and in ducts of glands

Question 10

Simple columnar

Answer 10

Function in secretion and absorption; found in stomach, intestines, uterus, uterine tubes

Question 11

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 11

Function in secretion, absorption, and motility of mucus; cells vary in height but all cells touch the basement membrane, found in the respiratory tract and male urethra

Question 12

Stratified squamous

Answer 12

Most abundant stratified epithelium; functions in protection against abrasion; found on outer layer of skin and extend a short way into every body opening that is continuous with the skin; keratinized and non-keratinized

Question 13

Stratified cuboidal

Answer 13

Functions in secretion and sperm production; found in sweat gland, ovaries, seminiferous tubules

Question 14

Stratified columnar

Answer 14

Function in protection and secretion; rare, found in ducts of large glands, male urethra

Question 15

Transitional epithelium

Answer 15

Functions to allow distention of the urinary bladder; found in the bladder; basal cells are typically cuboidal; apical cells vary in shape

Question 16

Glandular epithelia

Answer 16

Endocrine or exocrine

Question 17

Glands

Answer 17

Cells or organs that secretes a substance for use or elimination; originate from invagination of epithelial tissue

Question 18

Unicellular glands

Answer 18

Composed of one cell that secretes its products into its soundings

Question 19

Serous glands

Answer 19

Thin watery fluids

Question 20

Mucus glands

Answer 20

Secrete mucin that is converted into mucus upon absorption of water

Question 21

Cytogenic glands

Answer 21

Secrete whole cells; testes and ovaries

Question 22

Epithelial surface features (3 ways)

Answer 22

Adhesion proteins, interdigitating folds, and specialized junctions

Question 23

Specialized junctions

Answer 23

Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

Question 24

Basal features

Answer 24

Basement membrane - basal lamina, reticular fibers

Question 25

Apical features

Answer 25

Microvilli, cilia

Question 26

Connective tissue

Answer 26

Found everywhere in body and most widely distributed

Question 27

Connective tissue functions

Answer 27

Connects, supports, protection, insulation, and transportation

Question 28

Connective tissue four main classes

Answer 28

Fibrous tissue and fat, cartilage, bone, and blood

Question 29

Characteristics of connective tissue

Answer 29

Common origin, degree of vascularity, extracelluar matrix

Question 30

Common origin

Answer 30

All arise from mesenchyme

Question 31

Degree of vascularity

Answer 31

Some avascular, while others highly vascular

Question 32

Extracellular matrix

Answer 32

Tissue made up mostly of matrix, ground substance

Question 33

Ground substance

Answer 33

Interstitial fluid between the cells allows for diffusion between blood vessels and cells; CAP, GAP, Proteoglycans

Question 34

Fibers

Answer 34

Provide support; collagen, elastic, reticular

Question 35

Connective tissue cells

Answer 35

Fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes

Question 36

Areolar

Answer 36

Serves to support most epithelium, very loose fibers run in various directions

Question 37

Reticular

Answer 37

Framework of "soft organs" and spleen

Question 38

Loose connective tissue

Answer 38

Areolar and reticular

Question 39

Areolar

Answer 39

Serves to support most epithelium, very loose fibers run in various directions

Question 40

Reticular

Answer 40

Framework of “soft organs”

Question 41

Dense connective tissue

Answer 41

Dense regular and dense irregular

Question 42

Dense regular

Answer 42

Composed of closely packed parallel collagen fibers, fibroblast only type of cell, tendons and ligaments

Question 43

Dense irregular

Answer 43

Thick collagen fibers running in various direction; compose the dermis, and fibrous sheaths around various organs

Question 44

Fibrous connective tissue

Answer 44

Adipose tissue

Question 45

Adipose tissue

Answer 45

Composed of adipocytes that store fat, functions as insulation and support, most fat is white fat, children also produce brown fat for heat production

Question 46

Cartilage

Answer 46

Supportive connective tissue with flexible rubbery matrix, chondroblasts secrete matrix until they are trapped - chondrocytes, Avascular - dependent on diffusion; slow metabolism, slow to heal

Question 47

Cartilage three types

Answer 47

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Question 48

Hyaline

Answer 48

Clear glassy matrix with collagen fiber; found at the ends of bones, larynx, trachea, and chest; composes fetal skeleton

Question 49

Elastic

Answer 49

Matrix composed of elastic fibers; perichondrium sheaths; Ear, epiglottis

Question 50

Fibrocartilage

Answer 50

Matrix composed of thick parallel collagen bundles; no perichondrium sheath; pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci, compression and shock absorption, sometimes transition between dense connective tissue and hyaline

Question 51

Bone

Answer 51

Support, protection, movement, mineral, and fat storage, blood production Hard solid matrix

Question 52

Osseous tissue (bone)

Answer 52

Spongy, compact

Question 53

Hard calcified matrix containing collagen fibers (bone)

Answer 53

Deposited in concentric lamellae around central canal - blood vessels and nerves; osteoblasts, osteocytes osteoclasts

Question 54

Blood

Answer 54

Fluid connective tissue - formed elements in a fluid matrix (plasma); transport nutrients, wastes, gases; found within blood vessels

Question 55

Muscle tissue

Answer 55

Highly cellular, well vascularized tissues responsible for movement, capable of contraction and producing tension

Question 56

Three types of muscle tissue

Answer 56

Skeletal, smooth cardiac

Question 57

Nervous tissue

Answer 57

Main component of nervous system - regulates and controls various functions, capable of transmitting electrical impulses

Question 58

Nervous tissue types

Answer 58

Neurons - conduct impulse, supporting cells - nonconducting, insulate, and protect neurons