Chapter 4: Tissues - the living fabric

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Question 2

4 types of tissue

Answer 2

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve (MNCE)

Question 3

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

Answer 3

Highly Cellular: most mass comes from nerves
Special Contacts: form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
Polarity: apical and basal surfaces
Supported by connective tissue: reticular and basal laminae
Avascular but innervated: no blood vessels, but supplied by nerve fibers
Highly regenerative: rapidly replaces lost cells by mitosis

Question 4

Simple Squamous

Answer 4

Single layer of flattened cells found in lining of heart and blood vessels, lungs, serosae

Question 5

Simple Cuboidal

Answer 5

single layer of cube-like cells with large central nuclei found in kidney tubules, secretory glands, ovarian surfaces

Question 6

Simple columnar

Answer 6

single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei, many with cilia

nonciliated: lines digestive tract and gallbladder
ciliated: lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and regions of uterus

Question 7

Pseudostratified Columnar

Answer 7

single layer of cells with different heights, function in secretion and propulsion of mucus
sperm-carrying male reproductive ducts (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)

Question 8

Stratified Squamous

Answer 8

thick tissue composed of several layers of cells
protect underlying areas subjected to abrasion
external skin’s epidermis (keratinized), linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina (nonkeratinized)

Question 9

Transitional Epithelium

Answer 9

several cell layers, stretches to permit dissension of urinary bladder
lines urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra

Question 10

Epithelial membranes

Answer 10

Cutaneous (toughest), Mucous, Serous (least tough)

Question 11

Cutaneous

Answer 11

skin (integument)

Question 12

Mucous

Answer 12

lines body cavities open to exterior (digestive and respiratory tracts)

Question 13

Serous

Answer 13

moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities

Question 14

Glandular

Answer 14

1 or more cells that makes and secretes a fluid
classified by product release
Endocrine: released inside
Exocrine: released outside
Number of cells: unicellular or multicellular

Question 15

Endocrine glands

Answer 15

Ductless glands that produce hormones

secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins or steroids

Question 16

Exocrine Glands

Answer 16

secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities
mucous, sweat, oil and salivary glands

Question 17

Merocrine

Answer 17

products are secreted by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat and salivary glands)

Question 18

Holocrine

Answer 18

products are secreted by the rupture of gland cells (sebaceous glands)

Question 19

Connective tissue

Answer 19

found throughout the body

most abundant and widely distributed

Question 20

4 types of connective tissue

Answer 20

connective tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

Question 21

Connective tissue functions

Answer 21

binding and support
protection
insulation
transportation

Question 22

Cellular component

Answer 22

each category of connective tissue has a different connective tissue cell type

Question 23

Ground substance

Answer 23

unstructured gel-like protein/glycoprotein material that fills the space between cells

Question 24

Collagen Protein fiber

Answer 24

tough, inelastic fibers that provide tensile strength

Question 25

Elastic Protein fiber

Answer 25

long, thin spring-like fibers

Question 26

Reticular Protein fiber

Answer 26

short, branched fibers that form networks that support soft tissues

Question 27

Connective cells

Answer 27

originate from an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme

Question 28

Fibroblast

Answer 28

connective tissue proper

Question 29

chondroblasts

Answer 29

cartilage

Question 30

osteoblasts

Answer 30

bones

Question 31

hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 31

blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells, platelets)

Question 32

Areolar connective tissue

Answer 32

gel-like matrix with all 3 connective tissue fiber types fibroblasts, wraps and cushions organs

Question 33

Adipose connective tissue

Answer 33

matrix similiar to areolar connective tissue, with closely packed adipocytes acts as fuel stores, insulates against heat loss and supports and protects found under skins, around kidneys, within abdomen and in breasts

Question 34

Reticular connective tissue

Answer 34

loose ground substance w/ reticular fibers, reticular cells lie in a fiber network that supports immune cells, found in lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen

Question 35

Dense regular tissue

Answer 35

parallel collagen fibers w/ few elastic fibers fibroblasts attaches to bone or other muscles (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments) provides great strength in the direction parallel to the fibers

Question 36

Dense irregular tissue

Answer 36

irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers, fibroblasts withstands tension in many directions providing great structural strength found in dermis, submucosa of digestive tract and fibrous organ capsules

Question 37

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 37

amorphous, firm matrix w/ very sparse network of collagen fibers, chondrocytes lie in lacunae (cavities) supports, reinforces, cushions and resists compression found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, costal cartilages, nose, trachea and larynx

Question 38

Elastic cartilage

Answer 38

similiar to hyaline but with more elastic, maintains shape and strict while allowing flexibility supports external ear and the epiglottis

Question 39

Fibrocartilage cartilage

Answer 39

matrix similiar to hyaline, but less firm w/ thick collagen fibers provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint

Question 40

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Answer 40

hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone osteocytes founding lacunae supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action stores calcium and minerals ("hard" bone) and fat (yellow bone)

Question 41

hematopoiesis

Answer 41

performed in red marrow inside bones, creating new blood cells in the body

Question 42

Blood

Answer 42

Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma) cells originate from red bone marrow functions in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes and the immune system

Question 43

Nervous tissue

Answer 43

branched neurons and support cells transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Question 44

Skeleton muscle

Answer 44

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations initiates and controls voluntary movement found in muscles that attach to bones or skin

Question 45

Cardiac muscle

Answer 45

branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at intercalate discs propels blood through the circulatory system found in the walls of the heart

Question 46

Smooth muscle

Answer 46

sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations propels substances along internal passageways founding the walls of hollow organs control of contradiction is involuntary

Question 47

Tissue Trauma

Answer 47

inflammation dilation of blood vessels (redness, heat) increase in blood vessel permeability (swelling, edema) Pain due to damages nerve endings and pressure from swelling

Question 48

Tissue Repair

Answer 48

initial clotting of blood reorganization and restoration of blood supply (blood clot replaced by granulation) regeneration and fibrosis (surface epithelium regenerates and the scab detaches) fibrous tissue matures and begins to resemble the adjacent tissue results in fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue