Chapter 8: Articulations

Question 1

Articulations

Answer 1

site where 2 or more bones meet
weakest parts of skeleton
give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together

Question 2

Arthrology

Answer 2

study of joints

Question 3

Kinesiology

Answer 3

study of musculoskeleton

Question 4

Fibrous joints

Answer 4

joined by fibrous tissues

no joint cavity, most are synarthroses

Question 5

Sutures

Answer 5

occur btw bones of skull, comprised of interlocking junctions filled w/ connective tissue fibers
bind bones tightly together, allow for growth during youth
bones fuse and are called synostoses

Question 6

Syndemoses

Answer 6

connected by fibrous tissue ligament

movement varies from immovable to slightly variable

Question 7

Gomhoses

Answer 7

peg-in-socket fibrous joint btw a tooth and alveolar socket

fibrous connection is periodontal ligament

Question 8

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 8

articulating bones are united by cartilage, do not have joint cavity
two types synchondroses and symphyses

Question 9

synchondroses

Answer 9

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

all are synarthrotic

Question 10

symphyses

Answer 10

hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage

Question 11

amphiarthrotic

Answer 11

joints designed for strength and limited flexibility

Question 12

Bony joints

Answer 12

2 or more bones that were once separate fused by osseous tissue

Question 13

synarthrotic joints

Answer 13

no movement btw them since they are fused into a single bony structure

Question 14

synovial joints

Answer 14

joints in which the articulating bones are separated by fluid-containing joint cavity, all freely movable diarthroses

Question 15

bursae

Answer 15

flattened, fibrous sacs lined w/ synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid

Question 16

tendon sheath

Answer 16

elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

Question 17

origin

Answer 17

attachment of the immovable bone

Question 18

insertion

Answer 18

attachment to movable bone

Question 19

nonaxial

Answer 19

slipping (gliding) movements only

Question 20

uniaxial

Answer 20

movement in 1 plane

Question 21

biaxial

Answer 21

movement in 2 planes

Question 22

multiaxial

Answer 22

movement in or around all three planes

Question 23

flexion

Answer 23

bending movement that decreases the angle of joint

Question 24

extension

Answer 24

reverse flexion; joint angle is increased

Question 25

dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

Answer 25

up and down movement of foot

Question 26

abduction

Answer 26

movement away from midline

Question 27

adduction

Answer 27

movement toward the midline

Question 28

circumduction

Answer 28

movement decreases a cone in space

Question 29

Gliding movement (translation)

Answer 29

1 flat bone surface glides or slips another similar surface

Question 30

Rotational movement

Answer 30

turning of a bone around its own long axis

Question 31

Types of synovial joints

Answer 31

``` plane hinge pivot condyloid (episoid) joints saddle joints ball and socket joints ```

Question 32

Plane joints

Answer 32

articular surfaces are essentially flat allow only slipping/gliding nonaxial joints intercarpal and intertarsal

Question 33

Hinge joints

Answer 33

cylindrical projection of 1 bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another motion along a single plane uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension (elbow)

Question 34

Pivot joints

Answer 34

rounded end of 1 bone prortrudes into a sleeve or ring composed of bone and/or ligaments of another only uniaxial rotational movement allowed (joint btw dens/axis, proximal radioulnar joint)

Question 35

Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints

Answer 35

oval articular surface of 1 bone its into a complementary depression in another both articular surfaces are oval biaxial joints permit all angular motions (wrist, first knuckle joints)

Question 36

Saddle joints

Answer 36

similiar to condyloid joints but allow greater amplitude to movement each articular surface has both a concave and convex surface (carpometacarpal joint of thumb)

Question 37

Ball-and-Socket joints

Answer 37

spherical or hemispherical head of 1 bone articulates w/ cupcake socket of another multiaxial joints permit most freely moving synovial joints (shoulder and hip joints)

Question 38

Knee

Answer 38

largest and most complex synovial joint of body allows flexion, extension and some rotations 3 joints in 1 surrounded by single joint cavity (femoropatellar, lateral tibiofemoral joint, medial tibiofemoral joint)

Question 39

Anterior superficial structures

Answer 39

tendons of quadriceps femurs muscle lateral and medial patellar retinacula fibular and tibial collateral ligaments patellar ligament

Question 40

Cartilage tears

Answer 40

common in mensci of joints cartilage is not very vascular, so healing is very slow at best often have cartilage fragments floating in the joint that needs to be removed (arthroscopic surgery)

Question 41

Sprains

Answer 41

reinforcing ligaments of a joint are stretched or torn partial tears can repair themselves slowly complete tears can be treated by sewing them back together, replaced w/ graft, immobilizing the joint until it heals

Question 42

Dislocations

Answer 42

bone ends at a joint are displaced commonly result of sports injuries or falls repeated dislocation of same joint is common due to stretching of ligaments and "loosening" of joint capsule

Question 43

Bursitis

Answer 43

inflammation of bursa caused by a blow or chronic friction | pain/swelling

Question 44

Tendonitis

Answer 44

inflammation of tendon sheaths caused by overuse | similiar to bursitis

Question 45

Arthritis

Answer 45

100+ different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases damage joints Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated w/ antibiotics chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis

Question 46

Osteoarthritis

Answer 46

most common chronic arthritis | usually affects fingers, knuckles, knees and hips

Question 47

Treatment of osteoarthritis

Answer 47

slow progressing and irreversible mild pain relievers, moderate activity, magnetic therapy, glucosamine sulfate might dec paid and inflammation, joint replacement at knees/hips

Question 48

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 48

chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause | joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems

Question 49

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 49

RA begins w/ sonorities of affected joints | swelling caused by inflammatory chemicals and when inflammatory immune cells migrate into joint

Question 50

ankylosis

Answer 50

bent, deformed finers, toes

Question 51

Treatment for RA

Answer 51

conservative therapy- aspirin, steroids, long-term use antibiotics, physical therapy progressive treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants Enbrel- drug

Question 52

Gouty arthritis

Answer 52

deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues followed by an inflammation response affects joint at base of great roe untreated: bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint treatment- colchicine, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids (steroids)