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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 6: Bone and Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bone and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Skeletal cartilages

A

associated w/ bones, no blood vessels/nerves, surrounded by perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion

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2
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

provides support, flexibility, and resilience
most abundant skeletal cartilage
contains very fine collagen fibers

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3
Q

Articular

A

covers ends of long bones

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4
Q

Costal

A

connects ribs to sternum

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5
Q

Respiratory

A

makes up larynx and reinforces air passage

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6
Q

Nasal

A

supports the base

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7
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

similiar to hyaline but contains elastin fibers

found in external ear and epiglottis

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8
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

highly compressed with great tensile strength
contains collagen fibers
found in menisci of knee and intervertebral discs

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9
Q

Appositional

A

cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

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10
Q

Interstitial

A

lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

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11
Q

Calcification

A

occurs during normal bone growth, during old age

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12
Q

Axial skeleton

A

bones of skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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13
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

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14
Q

Long Bones

A

longer than they are wide

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15
Q

Flat bones

A

thin, flattened and a bit curved (sternum, most skull bones)

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16
Q

Irregular bones

A

bones with complicated shapes (vertebrae and pelvic bones)

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17
Q

Support

A

form the frameworks that supports body and cradles soft organs

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18
Q

Protection

A

provide protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

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19
Q

Movement

A

provide levers for muscles

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20
Q

mineral storage

A

reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus

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21
Q

blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis occurs within the red marrow cavities of bones

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22
Q

Bone markings

A

bulges, depressions, and holes that serves as
sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
joint surfaces
conduits for blood vessels and nerves

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23
Q

Projections

A

sites of joints between bones

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24
Q

Projection Head

A

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

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25
Projection Facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
26
Projection Condyle
rounded articular projection
27
Projection Ramus
armlike bar of bone
28
Compact bone
dense outer layer
29
spongy bone
honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red or yellow bone marrow
30
Diaphysis
tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones, composed of compact bone, yellow bone marrow is contained in the medullary cavity (fat)
31
Epiphyses
expand ends of long bones, exterior is compact bone and the interior spongy bone, joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage, epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from epiphyses
32
Short, Irregular, Flat bones
thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone on the inside no diaphysis or epiphyses contain bone marrow btw the trabeculae
33
Periosteum
double-layered protective membrane
34
outer fibrous layer
dense irregular connective tissue
35
inner osteogenic layer
composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts richly supplied w/ nerve fibers, blood, lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina attached to bone by sharpey's fibers
36
endosteum
delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone
37
Haversian system or osteon
the structural unit of compact bone
38
Lamella
weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen and calcified matrix
39
Haversian or central canal
central channel containing blood vessels and nerves
40
Volkmann's canals
channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal
41
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
42
Lacunae
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
43
Canaliculi
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
44
Osteoblasts
bone matrix-forming cells
45
Osteoclasts
large cells that resorb bone matrix
46
Osteoid
unmineralized bone matrix composed of ground substance and collagen
47
Hydroxyapatites
bone matrix, or mineral salts 65% of bone by mass, mainly crystals of calcium phosphates, responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression
48
osteogenesis (ossification)
the process of bone tissue formation which leads to the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos, bone growth occurs until early adulthood, bone thickening, remodeling and repair
49
Intramembranus ossification
bone develops from a fibrous membrane (skull bones and clavicles)
50
Endochondrol ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
51
Growth zone
cartilage cells undergo mitosis pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
52
Transformation zone
older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the old matrix begins to deteriorate
53
Osteogenic zone
new bone formation occurs
54
Alkaline phosphatase
essential for mineralization of bone
55
Osteoid seam
unmineralized band of bone matrix
56
Calcification front
transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone
57
resorption bays
grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix
58
lysosomal enzymes
digest organic matrix
59
acids
convert calcium salts into soluble forms
60
hormonal mechanism
maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood
61
mechanical and gravitational force
acting on the skeleton
62
Wolff's law
a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it
63
Nondisplaced
bone ends retain their normal position
64
Displaced
bones ends are out of normal alignment
65
Complete
bone is broken all the way through
66
incomplete
bone is not broken all the way through
67
Linear
the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
68
Transverse
the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
69
compound (clean)
bone ends penetrate the skin
70
simple (closed)
bone ends do not penetrate the skin
71
Hematoma formation
torn blood vessels hemorrhage, a mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
72
Fibrocartilaginous callus
granulation tissue (soft callus) forms within few days, capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris, fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers that connect broken bone ends, osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone
73
Bony callus formation
new bone trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus, fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus, bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after injury and continues until firm union if formed 2-3 months later
74
bone remodeling
excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed, compact bone laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
75
Osteomalacia (adults)
bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones, main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone, caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency
76
Rickets (children)
bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones bowed legs and deformities of pelvis, skull and rib cage are common caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency
77
Osteoporosis
group of diseases in which bone reabsorption is greater than bone deposition spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable occurs most often in postmenopausal women

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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