Chapter 4 Vocabulary Flashcards
(18 cards)
Pluralistic Ignorance
s the (incorrect) belief that one’s personal attitudes are different from the majorities’ attitudes, and thus one goes along with what they think others think. Ex: Not speaking up when you didn’t understand a lecture because you think everyone else did. However, if everyone does this you are all mislead about the group norm.
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
The tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen.
Order effects
The order that items are presented in can influence judgement.
Primacy Effect
The tendency to remember the first piece of information we encounter better than information presented later on.
Recency Effect
A cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first.
Framing Effect
The way info. is presented including the order of presentation, can “frame” the way it’s processed and understood.
Spin Framing
The idea of using words with less of a connotation. “illegal aliens” versus “undocumented workers”.
Temporal Framing
We think about actions and events within a particular time perspective a temporal frame - belonging to the distant past, the present moment, the immediate future, and so on.
Confirmation Bias
To test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it. For example: if I wanted to determine if working out the day before an important tennis match makes you more likely to win or not. I would specifcally only look at evidence that supports my claim not disputes it.
Motivated Confirmation Bias
Information that helps the proposition is quickly accepted, while information that may discredit that info. is quickly discounted.
Top-Down Processing
“Theory driven” mental processing, in which as individual filters and interprets new information in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.
Bottom-Up Processing
“Data-driven” mental processing, in which an individual forms conclusions based on the stimuli encountered in the environment.
Subliminal
Below the threshold of conscious awareness
Fluency
The feeling of ease (or difficulty) associated w/ processing info.
Regression Fallacy
The failure to recognize the influence of the regression effect and to offer a casual theory for what is really a simple statistical regularity.
Illusory correlation
The belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not.
Change blindness
In certain cases, our schemas cause us to expect and see consistency in our environment, even when it’s not there
Inattentional Blindness
The inability to acknowledge unexpected changes right in front of your eyes.
