Chapter 40

Question 1

Metabolize nutrients, detoxify chemicals, secrete bile, synthesize albumin and clotting factors, and other functions.

Answer 1

hepatocytes

Question 2

remove bacteria and foreign particles from blood in the hepatic sinusoids

Answer 2

kupffer cells

Question 3

secrete digestive enzymes

Answer 3

pancreatic acinar cells

Question 4

secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid

Answer 4

pancreatic ductal epithelium

Question 5

gastrin and motilin ___ gastric emptying.

Answer 5

stimulate

Question 6

secretin and cholecystokinin ____ gastric emptying.

Answer 6

delay

Question 7

The liver produces bile that is slightly ___

Answer 7

alkaline

Question 8

The composition of saliva depends on the rate of ____

Answer 8

it’s secetion

Question 9

Saliva contains these which can help prevent infection.

Answer 9

immunoglobulin A

Question 10

Stretching the esophagus or intestine by a bolus of food causes

Answer 10

peristalsis

Question 11

Fatty foods ____ gastric emptying.

Answer 11

delay

Question 12

Hypertonic gastric contents ____ gastric emptying

Answer 12

delay

Question 13

The intestinal brush border is the collection of ____; enzymes in the brush border hydrolyze ____.

Answer 13

microvilli; oligopeptides

Question 14

Most of the water that enters the GI tract each day is absorbed in the _____.

Answer 14

small intestine.

Question 15

Sugars are absorbed primarily in the ___ portions of the small intestine.

Answer 15

initial

Question 16

The intestinal tract is ___ at birth and becomes colonized within _____.

Answer 16

sterile; 3-4 weeks.

Question 17

A choleretic agent is a substance that stimulates the…

Answer 17

liver to secrete bile.

Question 18

Pancreatic proteases are secreted in ____ form.

Answer 18

inactive

Question 19

Pancreatic amylases are secreted in ____ form.

Answer 19

active

Question 20

Pancreatic lipases are secreted in ___ form.

Answer 20

active

Question 21

As age increases, GI motility, liver blood flow and enzyme activity tends to ____

Answer 21

decrease

Question 22

Liver functions tests _______ in an older adult who does not have overt liver disease.

Answer 22

remain normal

Question 23

Action of histamine on secretion of gastric acid

Answer 23

increases

Question 24

Action of cholecystokinin on secretion of gastric acid

Answer 24

decreases

Question 25

Action of gastrin on secretion of gastric acid

Answer 25

increase

Question 26

action of increased vagal stimulation on secretion of gastric acid

Answer 26

increase

Question 27

Action of sympathetic stimulation on on secretion of gastric acid

Answer 27

decrease

Question 28

Action of caffeine on secretion of gastric acid

Answer 28

increase

Question 29

what structures lie between sheets of hepatocytes?

Answer 29

sinusoids

Question 30

What is the source of the blood that enters the sinusoids?

Answer 30

branches of the hepatic portal vein & hepatic artery

Question 31

The sinusoids drain into what blood vessels?

Answer 31

central veins

Question 32

Hepatocytes secrete bile into what structures?

Answer 32

the canaliculi, which empty into bile ducts

Question 33

the upper third of the esophagus has

Answer 33

striated muscle

Question 34

the lower third of the esophagus has

Answer 34

smooth muscle

Question 35

The visceral layer of the peritoneum covers the

Answer 35

abdominal organs

Question 36

The parietal layer of the peritoneum extends along the

Answer 36

abdominal wall

Question 37

the lower portion of the stomach

Answer 37

antrum

Question 38

the upper portion of the stomach

Answer 38

fundus

Question 39

A water-soluble collection of bile salts and various forms of fat and cholesterol in the intestinal lumen.

Answer 39

micelle

Question 40

A water-soluble collection of triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipoproteins that circulates in the lymph and blood

Answer 40

chylomicron

Question 41

pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

Answer 41

trypsin

Question 42

gastric enzyme that digests proteins

Answer 42

pepsin

Question 43

salivary enzyme that digests carbs

Answer 43

ptyalin

Question 44

pancreatic enzyme that digests cabrs

Answer 44

amylase

Question 45

intestinal enzyme that digests disaccharides

Answer 45

maltase

Question 46

pancreatic enzyme that digests fats

Answer 46

lipase

Question 47

branches of this artery provide most of the blood to the stomach

Answer 47

celiac artery

Question 48

this artery provides most of the blood to the small intestine

Answer 48

superior mesenteric artery

Question 49

The three segments of the small intestine in order.

Answer 49

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Question 50

The center of the every villus has a lymphatic capillary that is known as a _____ that is important for absorption of _____ molecules.

Answer 50

lacteal; fat

Question 51

This occurs in the crypts of the intestine.

Answer 51

secretion

Question 52

this occurs in the tops off the villi in the intestine

Answer 52

absorption

Question 53

Synthesized by the liver and prevents enterocytes from taking up iron.

Answer 53

hepcidin

Question 54

Marks the junction between the terminal ileum and the large intestine

Answer 54

ileocecal valve

Question 55

the ileocecal valve is normally ___ to prevent retrograde flow of intestinal contents

Answer 55

closed

Question 56

The four parts of the colon in order.

Answer 56

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon.

Question 57

The internal anal sphincter contains ____ muscle; the external anal sphincter contains ____ muscle.

Answer 57

smooth; striated

Question 58

The remnant of the umbilical vein

Answer 58

round ligament

Question 59

separates the right and left lobes of the liver and attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.

Answer 59

falciform ligament

Question 60

Hepatocytes synthesize the primary bile acids from

Answer 60

cholesterol

Question 61

the body recycles bile acids through the process of

Answer 61

enterhepatic circulation

Question 62

This hormone activates trypsinogen in the duodenum

Answer 62

enterkinase

Question 63

The layers of the stomach and intestinal walls in order beginning a the lumen are:

Answer 63

the mucosa, submuscosa, muscularis, and serosa

Question 64

Lies within the GI tract and consists of neurons of the submucosal plexus, the myenteric plexus, and the subserosal plexus

Answer 64

enteric nervous system

Question 65

pepsin is only active in the

Answer 65

stomach

Question 66

substance secreted by gastric G cells

Answer 66

gastrin

Question 67

valve between the stomach and duodenum

Answer 67

pyloric

Question 68

gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen

Answer 68

chief

Question 69

gastric cells that secrete hydrochloric acid

Answer 69

parietal

Question 70

substance secreted by gastric enterochromaffin-like cells

Answer 70

histamine

Question 71

substance secreted by gastric D cells

Answer 71

somatostatin

Question 72

phase of gastric acid secretion involving anticipation and swallowing

Answer 72

cephalic

Question 73

Sphincter through which bile enters the intestine

Answer 73

oddi

Question 74

an iron-binding protein

Answer 74

transferrin

Question 75

localized rhythmic contractions of intestinal circular smooth muscles that are not peristalsis

Answer 75

segmentation

Question 76

waves of sequential relaxations and contractions of the GI muscles

Answer 76

peristalsis

Question 77

partially digested food int he stomach and intestine

Answer 77

chyme

Question 78

the functional units of the intestine

Answer 78

villi

Question 79

factor necessary for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12

Answer 79

intrinsic