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Patho Units 7-10 > Unit 10 Review > Flashcards

Unit 10 Review Flashcards

1
Q

2/3rds of body’s H2O is in …

A

intracellular fluid

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2
Q

electrolyte most prevalent inside of cells

A

K+ (also Ca++, Mg++, PO4)

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3
Q

4 physiologic mechanisms that contribute to edema formation

A
  1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  3. increased capillary membrane permiability
  4. lymphatic obstruction
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4
Q

the ________ pressure between _____________ and _____________ compartments is trying to stay in ____________

A

osmotic
extracellular
intracellular
equilibrium

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5
Q

fluid shifts between intracellular and extracellular compartments r/t osmotic pressure changes cause…

A

third-spacing

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6
Q

lots of Na+ transported into cell, osmotic pressure in cell increases or decreases?

A

increases

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7
Q

When Na+ increases in cell, what happens to H2O?

A

it follows Na+ into cell to balance osmotic pressure and cell swells

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8
Q

abnormal accumulation of fluid in extracellular compartment can be caused by:

A

hypoproteinemia
lyphatic obstruction
increased venous pressure
increased capillary permeability

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9
Q

the ECF volume is divided between the _________ and the ____________ fluid compartments

A

vascular

interstitial

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10
Q

the ICF volume is regulated by ____________ and organic compounds in the ICF and by ____________ that move freely between the ICF and ECF

A

proteins

solutes

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11
Q

the transfer of H2O between the vascular and interstitial compartments happens at what level?

A

cellular

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12
Q

excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

A

edema

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13
Q

edema is a problem of __________ _______________ and does not necessarily indicate a __________ _________.

A

fluid distribution

fluid excess

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14
Q

reasons for increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

A 
venous obstruction
salt or water retention
thrombophlebitis
hepatic obstruction
tight clothing around extremities
prolonged standing
CHF
renal failure
cirrhosis
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15
Q

reasons for decreased plasma oncotic pressure

A 
liver disease
protein malnutrition
glomerular disease
serous drainage from open wounds
hemorrhage
burns 
cirrhosis
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16
Q

reasons for increased capillary membrane permiability

A 
inflammation or immune response
trauma
burns
crush injuries
neoplastic diseases
allergic reactions
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17
Q

reasons for lymphatic obstructions

A

infection

tumor

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18
Q

proteins and fluid accumulating in interstitial spaces

A

lymphedema

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19
Q

the effects of edema are determined largely by _________

A

location

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20
Q

edema to brain, larynx, or lungs would be considered

A

an acute life-threatening condition

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21
Q

treatment of edema…

A 
treat underlying cause
reduce Na+
diuretics
compression stockings
elevate legs
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22
Q

what is the most abundant cation in the body

A

Ca++

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23
Q

positive ions

A

cations

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24
Q

Ca++ ions combine with _____________ ______ to for ___________ _____________ which increases the rigidity and hardness of bones and teeth enamel

A

phosphate ions

calcium phosphate

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25
how does Na+ enter the body
consumed in food, drink, medications, etc...
26
How does Na+ leave the body
urine, sweat, tears, primarily
27
which organ is the main regulator of Na+?
kidneys (adrenals are 2nd to kidneys)
28
total body water varies with __________ and _________ and these differences can be explained by differences in body __________________
gender weight composition
29
what are two main physiologic mechanisms that assist in regulating body water?
urination and sweating
30
where is anti-diuretic hormone produced?
hypothalamus and secreted by pituitary
31
how does ADH exert its influence in the reabsorption of water
ADH acts on the vasopressin 2 receptors in the renal tubular cells to increase permiability which leads to an increase in H2O absorption into the bloodstreams and the production of more concentrated urine
32
insufficiency of ADH resulting in polyurea and polydipsea
Diabetes insipidus
33
two forms of DI
neurogenic and nephrogenic
34
What is the most common form of DI?
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
35
Neurogenic DI results when any lesion on the _____________, ____________ _________, or _________ _________ interferes with the ADH _______, _________, or __________.
``` hypothalamus pituitary stalk posterior pituitary synthesis transport release ```
36
insensitivity of the renal collecting tubules to ADH
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
37
6 causes of hyponatremia
1. inadequate intake of Na+ 2. diuretics 3. vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning 4. burns 5. renal failure 6. SIADH
38
inadequate H2O intake, too much hypertonic saline solution & oversecretion of aldosterone cause
hypernatremia
39
other causes of hypernatremia
``` Cushings Syndrome excessive H2O loss impaired thirst water loss due to fever or respiratory infxn DI or DM high amounts of sodium in diet (rare) ```
40
what is the major cation in the ICF
K+
41
10 causes of hypokalemia
ETOH, anorexia, alkalosis, tx of pernicious anemia with B12, genetic, laxative abuse, diarrhrea, intestinal drainage tubes, vomiting, NG tubes, diuretics, excessive aldosterone drainage from adrenal adenoma, antibiotics
42
treatment for hypokalemia
K+ replacement | 40-80 meq/day
43
causes of hyperkalemia
metabolic acidosis decreased kidney function insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, hyperosmolality blood transfusion
44
divalent cations
Ca++, Phos, and Mag
45
cation missing two electrons compared to a neutral cation
divalent
46
positively charged ion with two electrons in outer shell
cation
47
three manifestations of hypoparathyroidism
muscle spasms chvostek sign: tap on cheek & the upper lip twitches Trousseau sign: painful carpal spasm after prolonged inflation of BP cuff low phosphate
48
where is parathyroid hormone produced
parathyroid gland
49
where does parathyroid hormone exert influence
acts on kidneys and bones | regulates serum Ca++
50
describe action of parathyroid hormone
in kidneys PTH increases Ca++ absorption, decreases phos and bicarb reabsorption, also stimulates synthesis of biologically active Vit D (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3) in the bones, PTH mobilizes Ca++ from bones during times of hypCa++
51
importance of ionized Ca++
free, active form can move from ECF to ICF in muscle contraction
52
s/sx of hypCa++
tetany
53
important fxns of Ca++
necessary for metabolic processes major cation for structure of bone and teeth enzymatic cofactor for blood clotting transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of muscles required for hormone secretion plasma membrane stability and permeability
54
can cause partial depolarization of nerves and muscles
hypoCa++
55
s/sx of partial depolarization of nerves and muscles
confusion, paresthesias around mouth, carpopedal spasm, hyperreflexia, convultions and tetany,
56
continuous muscle spasm can interfere with breathing & cause death
tetany
57
provides the form of ATP for energy and acts as intra and extracellular buffer in the regulation of acid-base balance
phosphate
58
what happens with hypophasphatemia
reduced capacity for O2 transport by RBCs disturbed energy metabolism decreased release of O2 to tissues causing hypoxia, bradycardia, and heart block
59
common cause of hypophosphatemia
``` intestinal malabsorption and increased renal excretion of phosphate vit D deficiency use of antacids ETOH abuse (chronic) respiratory alkalosis ```
60
which organ is the principal organ of magnesium regulation
kidneys (also small intestine)
61
cardiovascular manifestations of hypermagnesemia
depress muscle contraction & nerve function hypotension bradycardia N/V, muscle weakness, respiratory depression
62
volatile acide
carbonic acid (in the lungs)
63
three ways pH is regulated
``` short term (w/in seconds) - buffers in blood medium (w/in minutes) - lungs or rate/depth of respiration long term (hours to days) - kidneys - bicarb - uptake and excretion ```
64
largest buffer systems in body
intracellular buffers (inside cells) extracellular buffers (blood, ISF, CSF, urine) respiratory (lungs) renal (kidneys)
65
increase in noncarbonic acids or loss of bicarbonate from extracellular fluid
metabolic acidosis
66
increase in bicarbonate usually caused by loss of metabolic acids from conditions like vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning, excessive bicarb intake,
metabolic alkalosis
67
decrease of alveolar ventilation and increase in levels of CO2 which causes hypercapnea
respiratory acidosis
68
occurs with hyperventilation and excessive reduction of CO2 or hypocapnia
respiratory alkalosis
69
two common types of metabolic acidosis
``` lactic acidosis - from poor perfusion, hypoxemia, CA, over exercising, liver failure, hypoglycemia, ETOH, meds like ASA diabetic acidosis (DKA) - build up of ketone bodies ```
70
untreated of uncontrolled Type I DM - increased ketones in blood,
DKA
71
formed during breakdown of fatty acids in order to transform them into energy
ketones
72
DKA is caused by several factors, the most common are:
infection, illness, skipping insulin therapy, trauma, stress, drug abuse, ETOH abuse
73
causes of respiratory acidosis
brainstem trauma, over sedation, respiratory muscle paralysis, kyposcoliosis, flail chest, pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, emphysema, asthma, bronchitis
74
common cause of respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation (other causes: anxiety, fever, any lung disease that prompts hyperventilation)

Patho Units 7-10 (15 decks)

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