Chapter 3

Question 1

the osmolality of the intracellular fluid normally is (higher than, the same as, lower than) the extracellular fluid because H2O crosses cell membranes (with difficulty, freely) through aquaporins

Answer 1

the same as

freely

Question 2

what intracellular molecule is primarily responsible for the plasma oncotic pressure

Answer 2

Albumin

Question 3

Thirst prompts fluid intake thru action of ( ) located in the ( )

Answer 3

osmoreceptors

hypothalamus

Question 4

isotonic fluid excess causes

Answer 4

hypervolemia

Question 5

renal compensation for acid-base balance is (fast/slow) & pulmonary compensation is (fast/slow)?

Answer 5

slow

fast

Question 6

fluid moves out of capillaries by ( ) and into or out of cells by ( )

Answer 6

filtration

osmosis

Question 7

Hypercapnia means an excess of what in the blood?

Answer 7

CO2

Question 8

The most dangerous effect of hyperK+ is its action on the …

Answer 8

heart

Question 9

edema: tumor on lymph node

Answer 9

lymphatic obstruction

Question 10

edema: R heart failure

Answer 10

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 11

edema: infected wound

Answer 11

increased capillary permiability

Question 12

edema: clot in vein

Answer 12

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 13

edema: protein malnutrition

Answer 13

decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Question 14

edema: bee sting

Answer 14

increased capillary permiability

Question 15

edema: ESRD

Answer 15

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 16

greater % body water wt? lean woman or obese woman

Answer 16

lean woman

Question 17

greater % body water wt? infant or adolescent?

Answer 17

infant

Question 18

greater % body water wt if both weigh the same? woman or man?

Answer 18

man

Question 19

greater % body water wt if both weigh the same? 56 y/o man or 78 y/o man?

Answer 19

56 y/o man

Question 20

where is K+ ion concentration greater? intra or extra cellular fluid

Answer 20

intra

Question 21

where is Na+ ion concentration greater? intra or extra cellular fluid?

Answer 21

extra

Question 22

which is greater? the pH of acid or the pH of alkaline solution?

Answer 22

alkaline

Question 23

which is greater? the RR during metabolic acidosis or RR during metabolic alkalosis

Answer 23

acidosis

Question 24

Water moves into the cell when extracellular fluid is hypotonic or hypertonic

Answer 24

hypotonic

Question 25

Water moves out of the cell when the extracellular fluid is hypo or hypertonic?

Answer 25

hypertonic

Question 26

when the ECF is hypotonic H2O moves (into or out of) the cell through ( ) to balance osmolality

Answer 26

into | osmosis

Question 27

When the ECF is hypertonic, H2O moves (into or out of) the cell through ( ) to balance osmolality

Answer 27

out of | osmosis

Question 28

What are cerebral manifestations that occur when neurons swell because of hypernatremia

Answer 28

confusion, LOC, seizures, lethargy, coma

Question 29

Why are clinical manifestations of hyperNa+ and hypo Na+ so similar?

Answer 29

Neurons in both care are not functioning properly and manifest nonspecific cerebral disfunction

Question 30

Angiotensin II and increased K+ stimulate secretion of what? To what end?

Answer 30

Aldosterone increases renal Na+ and H2O absorbtion - increase BP; increased renal excretion of K+ and H+ ions

Question 31

Low plasma Ca++ stimulates secretion of what hormone? To what end

Answer 31

Parathyroid hormone | increase reabsorption of bone, renal reabsorption of Ca++ and inhibits renal reabsorption of phosphate

Question 32

Increased volume in cardiac atria stimulates secretion of what? to what end

Answer 32

Atrial Natriuretic peptide | increases renal Na+ and H2O excretion - lowers BP

Question 33

High plasma Ca++ increases secretion of what? To what end?

Answer 33

Calcitonin | Inhibits osteoclasts in bones

Question 34

fluid that is part of the extracellular fluid

Answer 34

blood and interstitial fluid

Question 35

all the fluid outside of cells --fluid in vessels and between cells

Answer 35

extracellular fluid

Question 36

acid secreted by the lungs

Answer 36

volatile acid - carbonic acide

Question 37

acid secreted by kidneys

Answer 37

nonvolatile acid - metabolic acid - sodium bicarb

Question 38

pH of blood is <7.35

Answer 38

acidemia

Question 39

too much acid, too little base (ratio is off)

Answer 39

acidosis

Question 40

in acid-base imbalance returns imbalance between acid and base to normal levels

Answer 40

correction

Question 41

returns ratio of bicarb to carbonic acid to 20:1 which is normal, but acid/base balance is still off

Answer 41

compensation

Question 42

1/3 of body H2O is ( ) fluid, 2/3s is ( ) fluid

Answer 42

extracellular | intracellular

Question 43

a standard 68 K man has ( ) liters of total body H2O

Answer 43

40.8

Question 44

Excessive fluid within the interstitial space is called

Answer 44

edema

Question 45

an ( ) fluid has the same concentration of solute as plasma

Answer 45

isontonic

Question 46

a person with lung disease could develop a primary ( ) acid-base imbalance, but a person with kidney diseases may develop a primary ( ) acid-base imbalance

Answer 46

respiratory | metabolic

Question 47

when the blood pH is 7.40, the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio is

Answer 47

20:1

Question 48

the buffer pair is

Answer 48

a weak acid and its conjugate base

Question 49

anion gap may help distinguish between different causes of

Answer 49

metabolic acidosis

Question 50

overuse of phosphate-containing OTC enemas can cause ( ) which will ( ) the plasma Ca++ concentration

Answer 50

increased phosphatemia | decrease

Question 51

isotonic fluid excesses and hypoK+ can cause

Answer 51

edema, weight gain, constipation, muscle weakness abdominal distention

Question 52

slow, shallow respers, blood pH <7.35, blood PaCO2 increased is caused by

Answer 52

respiratory acidosis

Question 53

hyperventilation causing paresthesias of fingers, lightheadedness, confusion

Answer 53

respiratory alkalosis

Question 54

repeated vomiting, tachycardia, rapid wt loss, decreased urine output, muscle weakness, slow shallow breathing & lethargy

Answer 54

isotonic fluid deficit, hypoK+, metabolic alkalosis

Question 55

hyperparathyroidism - fatigue, anorexia, constipation, lethargy

Answer 55

hypercalcemia

Question 56

which direction does insulin move K+?

Answer 56

from ECF into cell

Question 57

which direction does epi move K+?

Answer 57

from ECF into cell

Question 58

which direction does alkalosis move K+?

Answer 58

from ECF into cell

Question 59

which direction does hyper Na+ move H2O

Answer 59

from cell to ECF

Question 60

gravity pulls fluid to lowest place

Answer 60

dependent edema